Carolyn Moorman, Johanna Moore, Andie Parry, Siddhant Kishore, Ben Rezaei, Victoria Penza, Avery Borens, Alexandra Braverman, Ria Reddy, Katherine Wells, Annika Ganzeveld, and Brian Carter
Many of the most prominent Iraqi Sunni political parties have emphasized the need for political action to achieve long-standing Sunni political demands ahead of the Iraqi parliamentary elections in October 2025. A member of the Progress Party, which is led by former Parliament Speaker and key Sunni politician Mohammad al Halbousi, warned on February 5 that the Progress Party could boycott parliament in response to the recent Iraqi Federal Supreme Court decision to temporarily suspend the implementation of the General Amnesty Law.[1] The Federal Supreme Court, which is responsible for interpreting the constitution and determining the constitutionality of laws and regulations, temporarily suspended the implementation of the General Amnesty Law on February 3. This law would grant amnesty to many Iraqis, including many Sunnis who were arrested under Article 4 of the Anti-Terrorism Law. The Progress Party holds 39 seats in parliament, which is far below the number of seats needed to block a quorum.[2] A Progress Party-affiliated adviser to the Anbar Provincial Council similarly called on Sunni parliamentarians to boycott the political process and start “large” demonstrations in response to the Federal Supreme Court decision.[3]
These statements come after the Sunni Azm Alliance called on February 5 for a “comprehensive national dialogue” to amend the Iraqi constitution.[4] Azm Alliance head Muthanna al Samarrai is a member of the newly-formed United Sunni Leadership Coalition.[5] Halbousi is not a member of this new Sunni political coalition, and the United Sunni Leadership Coalition appears to be an alternative Sunni political party to Halbousi’s Progress Party. It is therefore notable that both the Progress Party and parts of the United Sunni Leadership Coalition have called for political action to protest the Federal Supreme Court decision. Some Sunni politicians have accused State of Law Coalition head Nouri al Maliki of pushing the Federal Supreme Court to suspend the implementation of the General Amnesty Law.[6] Maliki previously used the court to target political opposition, particularly Sunnis, during his term as prime minister between May 2006 and September 2014.[7] Maliki’s rumored involvement in the Federal Supreme Court decision is consistent with recent sectarian, anti-Sunni statements he has made.[8] Maliki stated on February 1 that “we will not allow terrorists to leave prisons,” about the individuals who would be released from prison under the General Amnesty Law. Iranian-backed actors have claimed that the General Amnesty Law would release ”terrorists” and ”murderers” into society to try to prevent the approval and implementation of this law. [9]
Syrian interim government forces have deployed to areas previously controlled by the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) as armed factions have started to integrate into the new Syrian army and security apparatus. Interim government security forces deployed to Afrin and Jandairis, north of Aleppo, on February 6.[13] The SNA has controlled and administered these areas since 2018.[14] Kurdish media claimed that the interim government would take control of SNA territory and dismantle barracks and other military infrastructure in the area.[15] Interim government-affiliated Public Security forces deployed to checkpoints near the entrances to Manbij, Aleppo Province, on February 5, demonstrating that the deployment of interim government forces extends across SNA-controlled territory.[16]
These interim government deployments will likely continue as former opposition groups integrate into the Syrian Defense Ministry. It is unclear how extensive the integration of armed groups across Syria will be or the pace at which this integration will occur. It is also unclear to what extent groups that integrate into the Defense Ministry will subordinate themselves to largely HTS-dominated command structures. Syrian media circulated reports on February 3 that the Syrian Defense Ministry appointed two SNA leaders as division commanders within the new Syrian armed forces.[17] It is unclear if these commanders will recruit their divisions directly from their militias. The Syrian interim government said that it dissolved all former rebel and armed groups, including factions of the SNA, on January 29, but the fact that SNA groups continue to fight against the SDF along the Euphrates River suggests that the SNA groups have been dissolved in name only.[18] The interim government deployments come after Syrian Interim President Ahmed al Shara discussed Syrian-Turkish defense coordination with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Ankara, Turkey, on February 4.[19] Turkey closely coordinates with and provides air support to the SNA. Shara and Erdogan may have discussed the integration of SNA factions into the new Syrian armed forces.
US President Donald Trump said on February 6 that the Gaza Strip should be “turned over” to the United States by Israel after the “conclusion of fighting.”[23] Trump suggested that Gazans could relocate to other areas in the Middle East while the United States rebuilds the Gaza Strip. Trump said that no US troops would participate in this plan.
- Iraqi Politics: Many of the most prominent Iraqi Sunni political parties have emphasized the need for political action to achieve long-standing Sunni political demands ahead of the Iraqi parliamentary elections in October 2025. Former Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki is attempting to block Sunni political action, which has caused some Sunni political parties to threaten additional political moves, including demonstrations.
- Control of Syria: Syrian interim government forces have deployed to areas previously controlled by the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) as armed factions have started to integrate into the new Syrian army and security apparatus. These interim government deployments will likely continue as former opposition groups integrate into the Syrian Defense Ministry.
- Gaza Strip: Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz instructed the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) on February 6 to prepare a plan for the “voluntary departure” of Palestinians from the Gaza Strip. US President Donald Trump said on February 6 that the Gaza Strip should be “turned over” to the United States by Israel after the “conclusion of fighting.”
The SDF conducted two separate operations targeting SNA fighters on Qara Qozak Hill and Nawruz Hill on February 6.[33] The operations wounded three SNA fighters.[34]
The SDF reported that Turkey continued to conduct air and drone strikes targeting SDF positions near the Tishreen Dam on February 6.[35] Turkish drones targeted an SDF position near Khirbet Tueni, likely in support of SNA operations in the area.[36] The strike killed an SDF fighter.[37]
Iraq
Axis of Resistance objectives:
- Strengthen Iranian and Axis of Resistance influence over the Iraqi state and society
- Harden the Iraqi government against internal dissent
Arabian Peninsula
Axis of Resistance objectives:
- Harden the Houthi regime against internal dissent in Houthi-controlled areas
- Destroy the anti-Houthi opposition in order to control all of Yemen
- Erode Israeli will to continue the war in the Gaza Strip
The Palestinian Territories and Lebanon
Axis of Resistance objectives:
- Erode the will of the Israeli political establishment and the public to sustain clearing operations in the Gaza Strip
- Reestablish Hamas as the governing authority in the Gaza Strip
- Rebuild and reestablish Hezbollah in southern Lebanon
- Establish the West Bank as a viable front against Israel
CTP-ISW defines the “Axis of Resistance” as the unconventional alliance that Iran has cultivated in the Middle East since the Islamic Republic came to power in 1979. This transnational coalition is comprised of state, semi-state, and non-state actors that cooperate to secure their collective interests. Tehran considers itself to be both part of the alliance and its leader. Iran furnishes these groups with varying levels of financial, military, and political support in exchange for some degree of influence or control over their actions. Some are traditional proxies that are highly responsive to Iranian direction, while others are partners over which Iran exerts more limited influence. Members of the Axis of Resistance are united by their grand strategic objectives, which include eroding and eventually expelling American influence from the Middle East, destroying the Israeli state, or both. Pursuing these objectives and supporting the Axis of Resistance to those ends have become cornerstones of Iranian regional strategy.
[1] https://www.rudawarabia dot net/arabic/middleeast/iraq/060220251
[2] https://public.flourish.studio/visualisation/10418944/
[3] https://www.kurdistan24 dot net/ckb/story/823423/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AA ; https://nabd dot com/s/135641389-062aea/%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 ; https://964media dot com/307456/
[4] https://www.kurdistan24 dot net/ar/story/823339/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85
[5] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-january-8-2025
[6] https://almadapaper dot net/395440/
[7] https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/SectarianandRegionalConflictintheMiddleEast_3JUL.pdf pg 11; https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/profile-iraqi-federal-supreme-court
[8] https://www.rudawarabia dot net/arabic/middleeast/iraq/010220253
[9] https://www.newarab dot com/news/iraqi-parliament-debates-controversial-amendment-amnesty-law
[10] https://almadapaper dot net/391980/
[11] https://almadapaper dot net/394636/
[12] https://shafaq dot com/en/Iraq/Shiite-unity-restored-as-Al-Hakim-resumes-coalition-participation
[13] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/135186 ; https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/135181 ; https://x.com/EuphratesPost/status/1887441282697425204 ; https://t.me/nahermedia/44664 ; https://x.com/NPA_English/status/1887498708771590349 ; https://x.com/Military_OSTX/status/1887452402930098337
[14] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/turkish-military-and-allied-rebels-in-total-control-of-syrias-afrin-erdogan/2018/03/18/875e6b29-5a4b-439d-9b99-a92ad82264dc_story.html
[15] https://npasyria dot com/204603/
[16] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-5-2025
[17] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-3-2025
[18] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-january-29-2025
[19] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-02-06/turkey-weighs-military-bases-in-syria-to-gain-edge-after-assad-fall ; https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/04/world/middleeast/syria-turkey-al-shara-erdogan.html
[20] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/02/06/trump-gaza-palestinian-displacement-israel/ ;
[21] https://www.timesofisrael dot com/liveblog_entry/katz-meets-with-defense-officials-to-discuss-plans-for-palestinians-to-voluntarily-leave-gaza/
[22] https://apnews.com/article/mideast-egypt-jordan-palestinians-trump-51dc4d5225e6bc0a135b7bbafedb3d86
[23] https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/113956721204228037
[24] https://t.me/G_CSyriaa/468 ; https://www.france24.com/en/france/20250205-france-s-macron-discusses-syria-s-future-with-new-leader-al-sharaa
[25] https://t.me/G_CSyriaa/468
[26] https://t.me/Syrianborders/44
[27] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-ministers-agree-roadmap-ease-syria-sanctions-2025-01-27/
[28] https://x.com/DeirEzzore/status/1887557459969253640; https://t.me/nahermedia/44677 ;
[29] https://x.com/thiqanewsagency/status/1877733603674628192; https://x.com/thiqanewsagency/status/1877763874163703971
[30] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/132696
[31] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/status/1887406753975066631
[32] https://t.me/nahermedia/44673; https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/135170; https://x.com/DeirEzzore/status/1887557459969253640; https://t.me/nahermedia/44673; https://t.me/nahermedia/44677; https://x.com/DeirEzzore/status/1887557459969253640
[33] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/status/1887406753975066631
[34] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/status/1887406753975066631
[35] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/status/1887406753975066631
[36] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/status/1887406753975066631
[37] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/status/1887406753975066631
[38] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1887451650664669419
[39] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/status/1887406753975066631; https://x.com/SDF_Syria/status/1887406753975066631; https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1887508330609889624 https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1887451650664669419
[40] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-january-31-2025
[41] https://x.com/SanaAjel/status/1887570948548927824 ; https://t.me/HalabTodayTV/119783 ; https://t.me/syria_mukawama/5790
[42] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1887465945737625803 ; https://web.archive.org/web/20230519102454/https://coar-global.org/2021/04/27/the-syrian-economy-at-war-captagon-hashish-and-the-syrian-narco-state/
[43] https://x.com/DeirEzzore/status/1887552869156483438 ; https://almashhad dot com/article/773112298002792-News/451697582253873-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86/ ; https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1887465945737625803
[44] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1887524533374013599
[45] https://x.com/Grimm_Intel/status/1887479358194856058 ; https://x.com/SyriaNewsFr/status/1887461640595251332
[46] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1887517289127280750
[47] https://x.com/DeirEzzore/status/1887552869156483438 ; https://x.com/OALD24/status/1887534447043473759 ; https://x.com/Nuorgolan/status/1887505466617364500
[48] https://x.com/OALD24/status/1887534447043473759
[49] https://x.com/Roaastudies/status/1887440386492153913 ; https://x.com/AlawiteLeague/status/1887449211714650226 ; https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1887472607311634807 ; https://x.com/anasanas84/status/1887454082652082413
[50] https://www.syria dot tv/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88 ; https://syrianobserver dot com/syrian-actors/regime_announces_formation_coast_shield_brigade.html ; https://joshualandis dot com/blog/the-coastal-shield-brigade-a-new-pro-assad-militia/ ; https://www.reuters.com/article/world/insight-syrian-insurgents-carve-out-fiefdoms-in-de-facto-partition-idUSKCN0P91J4/
[51] https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/SyrianArmy-DocOOB.pdf
[52] https://www.kurdistan24 dot net/ckb/story/823490/%D8%AF%DA%98%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%87%DB%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88-%DA%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95-%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%98%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86
[53] https://baghdadtoday dot news/267425-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%8E%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.html
[54] https://t.me/platformB/3386; https://www.rudawarabia dot net/arabic/kurdistan/060220253 ; https://www.shafaq dot com/ar/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85
[55] https://t.me/platformB/3386
[56] https://www.rudawarabia dot net/arabic/kurdistan/060220253 ; https://www.shafaq dot com/ar/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85
[57] https://shafaq dot com/ar/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%81-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A
[58] https://www.mehrnews dot com/news/6370318/ ; https://www.mehrnews dot com/news/6370136 ; https://shafaq dot com/ar/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%81-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A
[59] https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/4055561/secretary-of-defense-pete-hegseth-greets-israeli-prime-minister-benjamin-netany/
[60] https://www.axios.com/2025/01/25/trump-israel-bomb-shipment-hold-gaza
[61] https://t.me/channelnabatieh/113351
[62] https://x.com/idfonline/status/1887476976731971680 ; https://www.idf dot il/268462
[63] https://x.com/idfonline/status/1887476976731971680
[64] https://www.idf dot il/268462
[65] https://x.com/GLZRadio/status/1887458387241165232 ; https://x.com/manniefabian/status/1887465860895285650
[66] https://x.com/manniefabian/status/1887465860895285650
[67] https://www.timesofisrael dot com/shin-bet-says-it-foiled-jerusalem-bus-bombing-late-last-year/
[68] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/news/1403/11/18/3252456
[70] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/news/1403/11/18/3252459
[71] https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0015
[72] https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1932