Iran Update, April 22, 2025

Kelly Campa, Alexandra Braverman, Siddhant Kishore, Katherine Wells, Johanna Moore, Ben Rezaei, Avery Borens, and Brian Carter

Information Cutoff: 2:00 pm ET

The Critical Threats Project (CTP) at the American Enterprise Institute and the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) publish the Iran Update, which provides insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored activities that undermine regional stability and threaten US forces and interests. CTP-ISW publishes the Iran Update every weekday.

Click here to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of the ongoing opposition offensive in Syria, and here to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of Israeli ground operations. The Syria map is updated daily alongside the static Syria maps in this report. CTP-ISW ended daily maps of Israeli ground operations in February 2025.

We do not report in detail on war crimes because these activities are well-covered in Western media and do not directly affect the military operations we are assessing and forecasting. We utterly condemn violations of the laws of armed conflict and the Geneva Conventions and crimes against humanity, even though we do not describe them in these reports.

Unspecified Iranian sources told a Qatari-owned, London-based outlet on April 22 that the US-Iran nuclear talks are progressing “beyond belief.”[1] Iran could calculate that by framing the talks as positive, even if the reality does not match, Iran could delay a US or Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear program or the imposition of snapback sanctions on Iran. The Iranian sources claimed that the United States, which was represented by US Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff, did not demand complete dismantlement of the Iranian nuclear program and expressed approval to the principle of Iran’s right to enrich uranium during the nuclear talks. Unspecified Iranian officials told the Wall Street Journal on April 12 that Iran would be willing to reduce its uranium enrichment to 3.67 percent, which is the same level agreed upon in the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).[2] The sources stated that they believe Iran and the United States will reach an agreement within the next two months.[3] Iran’s negotiating team could calculate that presenting the talks as positive could enable them to continue the talks and thereby avoid negative consequences while still failing to make any serious concessions.

Former Iranian diplomat Abdolreza Faraji Rad also told the Qatari-owned outlet on April 22 that the upcoming US-Iran technical talks will focus on “enrichment levels and centrifuges.”[4] Iranian Foreign Affairs Ministry spokesperson Esmail Baghaei confirmed on April 22 that the US and Iran agreed to reschedule the technical talks from April 23 to April 26 at the suggestion of Oman.[5] Rad stated that the outcome of the technical talks would be presented to US Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff and Iranian Foreign Affairs Minister Abbas Araghchi on April 26.[6] The head of a Tehran-based think tank stated that the technical talks will focus on what to do about Iran’s reserves of 60 percent enriched uranium.

Syrian authorities arrested two senior Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) officials in Damascus after the United States requested that the transitional government expel Palestinian militants in exchange for partial sanctions relief. The General Security Services (GSS) arrested PIJ’s Syria Operations Commander Khaled Khaled and PIJ’s Organizing Committee head Yasser al Zafari in Damascus on April 19 and 17, respectively.[7] PIJ released a statement on April 22 in which it asked “our brothers in the Syrian government” to release the two men.[8] The Syrian Interior Ministry acknowledged the arrests but did not clarify why it arrested the pair.[9] The United States reportedly asked the Syrian transitional government in mid-March to ”[crack] down on extremist groups” and end Palestinian political and militia activity in Syria in exchange for partial sanctions relief.[10] It is unclear if the PIJ arrests are tied to this request, but Shara may view the pursuit of Palestinian groups with long-standing ties to Iran and the Assad regime as a compromise that would be favorable to the United States but also palatable to his Syrian constituents. The Assad regime has hosted Syria-based PIJ fighters over the years and allowed PIJ to base its headquarters in Damascus.[11] It is unclear how many Palestinian militias currently operate in Syria, given that the Syrian government has largely expelled other Axis of Resistance militias, such as Lebanese Hezbollah, from Syria since the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024.[12]

The new Syrian People’s Assembly may more closely resemble previous Shura councils used by HTS and other Syrian Islamist factions, rather than a Western-style legislative branch. Syrian constitutional committee member Ahmed al Qabri told Qatari-owned, London-based media on April 18 that the Syrian transitional government, which is led by Syrian Transitional President Ahmed al Shara has begun “consultations” to select committee members that will select two-thirds of the People’s Assembly.[13] The People’s Assembly is a transitional legislative body that will propose, adopt, and amend Syrian laws, according to the Syrian Constitutional Declaration.[14] Shara’s direct hand in forming the People’s Assembly enables him to wield significant influence over who and which groups will be represented in the body. The constitution declaration allows Shara to directly appoint one-third of the body’s members.[15] Electoral sub-committees will choose the other two-thirds of the Assembly’s members.[16] A supreme committee, which is directly appointed by Shara, will “oversee” these electoral sub-committees, suggesting the Shara-appointed Supreme Committee could veto any actions taken by the electoral sub-committees.[17]

The methods through which Shara will form the People's Assembly imitate how HTS elected the members of its Shura Council. The HTS General Shura Council effectively served as the HTS-led Syrian Salvation Government’s legislature from 2017 to 2024.[18] The majority of Idlib residents did not participate in electing the council’s members, however. HTS tasked a small number of representatives with nominating and “electing” members of the council.[19] Representatives were chosen from “diverse” northern Syrian regions, tribes, camps, and unions, but the methods of their selection allowed HTS to wield influence over the council appointments.[20] Syrian opposition media reported in 2021 that the majority of the council’s candidates were “pre-determined” and approved by HTS.[21] Other Syrian groups, like Ahrar al Sham, previously used Shura Councils to grant representation to the different armed groups that fought under their banner.

Such a consultative body differs from Western expectations of representative democracy, as it does not derive its authority from the people in the form of popular elections. It is unlikely that the similarities between HTS’s former General Shura Council’s and the People’s Assembly’s elections are a coincidence. Current Syrian Justice Minister and close Shara adviser Mazhar al Wais noted in December 2024 that Shara, when asked about parliamentary-style rule, spoke instead of “advisory and consultative councils” and specifically compared a possible Syrian parliament to a Shura Council.[22] This does not necessarily suggest that Shara will renege on his commitment to eventually hold “free and fair elections” to elect a permanent representative legislature.[23] The People’s Assembly is only designed to be a transitional mechanism, but the Constitutional Declaration notes that the transition will last for five years.[24] Council members are only permitted to serve for 30 months or until a permanent constitution is drafted and proper elections are held.[25] Shara could theoretically plan to introduce a consultative-style body in the short term as a precursor to a Western model of parliament in the coming years as Syria stabilizes. He has not made explicit promises about doing so, however.

Suwaydawi political and civil society factions established the “National Assembly” in Suwayda on April 19 in opposition to the Syrian transitional government.[26] The National Assembly interim leader Omar al Aysami stated that the organization opposes the Syrian National Dialogue Conference and subsequent transitional Constitutional Declaration, which centralized power under transitional Syrian President Ahmed al Shara.[27] Aysami added that the National Assembly seeks to establish a unified, representative, political institution that derives legitimacy from the people. The National Assembly also seeks to organize armed factions and weapons under a single command within the province. The Druze community, which is predominantly located in Daraa and Suwayda provinces, has been fractured into distinct armed factions, but many have held similar reservations about joining the transitional government.[28] These factions appear to be coalescing into a unified coalition. CTP-ISW warned on March 17 that widespread Suwaydawi rejection of the constitution could impact ongoing governance and military integration agreements.[29]

Key Takeaways:

• Iran-US Nuclear Negotiations: Unspecified Iranian sources told a Qatari-owned, London-based outlet on April 22 that the US-Iran nuclear talks are progressing “beyond belief.” Iran could calculate that by framing the talks as positive, even if the reality does not match, Iran could delay a US or Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear program or the imposition of snapback sanctions on Iran.
• Palestinian Islamic Jihad in Damascus: Syrian authorities arrested two senior Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) officials in Damascus after the United States requested that the transitional government expel Palestinian militants in exchange for partial sanctions relief.
• Syria’s Legislative Branch: The new Syrian People’s Assembly may more closely resemble previous consultative or advisory councils used by HTS and other Syrian Islamist factions, rather than a Western-style legislative branch. The methods through which Shara will form the People's Assembly imitate how HTS elected the members of its Shura Council, and senior former HTS officials have explicitly compared a future Syrian parliament to a Shura Council.
• Political Opposition to the Syrian Transitional Government: Suwaydawi political and civil society factions established the “National Assembly” in Suwayda on April 19 in opposition to the Syrian transitional government.

Syria

Likely Alawite insurgents attacked transitional government forces at a checkpoint in al Muntar, Tartous Province, on April 21.[30] This marks the first insurgent attack in Tartous Province in three weeks.[31] Insurgents previously killed two Syrian MoD personnel on March 27.[32] The Syrian transitional government has established checkpoints across western Syria to strengthen security and restrict insurgent movement.

The Syrian Ministry of Defense (MoD) opened a registration center to recruit individuals for the Syrian army’s 40th Division near Khirbet Ghazaleh, Daraa Province, on April 22.[33] The registration center will be open for one day and will accept applications from residents of various towns in Daraa Province.[34] The MoD began recruiting and registering individuals in Daraa Province to join the 40th Division in early March and opened a recruitment center in nearby Busra al Sham, which is an Eighth Brigade stronghold, on April 21.[35] The Eighth Brigade is a faction of former opposition fighters led by Ahmed al Awda that recently dissolved itself.[36] The 40th Division is expected to begin training within the next two weeks.[37]

The Daraa Security Directorate seized a large number of weapons, including mortar shells and ammunition, near Busra al Sham, Daraa Province, on April 22.[38] A Syrian source reported that the weapons belonged to the Eighth Brigade, which recently announced it would dissolve and surrender weapons to the transitional government on April 13.[39] GSS forces previously confiscated the group’s military equipment in the city and called on all residents in the area to hand over their weapons.[40]

Russia has continued to send economic resources to Syria in an incentives-based economic relationship that is likely designed to foster goodwill with the Syrian transitional government. Russia delivered 6,600 tons of wheat to the port of Latakia on April 20.[41] Syrian transitional government officials told Western media that financing challenges have discouraged global wheat providers from selling to Syria.[42] TankerTrackers reported on April 20 that Russia recently sent its fourth shipment of crude oil to Syria.[43] Russia began to deliver oil to the Baniyas port in late March 2025.[44] These and previous Russian shipments appear to be part of an incentives-based economic relationship that Russia is developing with Syria. Russia likely seeks to foster goodwill with the Syrian government in order to influence months-long talks over the future of Russian bases in Syria. This economic cooperation between Russia and the Syrian government has been defined by Russian exports to Syria thus far, but this may not always remain the case. The Syrian General Ports Authority said that a ship left Tartous Port on April 22 loaded with 10,000 tons of Syrian phosphate in the first shipment of its kind since the fall of the regime.[45] The recipient of the shipment is unclear at this time.[46] Russia has reportedly expressed interest in re-negotiating Russian investment contracts for Syrian phosphate mines, however.[47]

Iraq

Axis of Resistance objectives:

• Strengthen Iranian and Axis of Resistance influence over the Iraqi state and society
• Harden the Iraqi government against internal dissent

Nothing significant to report.

Arabian Peninsula

Axis of Resistance objectives:

• Harden the Houthi regime against internal dissent in Houthi-controlled areas
• Destroy the anti-Houthi opposition in order to control all of Yemen
• Erode Israeli will to continue the war in the Gaza Strip

US Central Command (CENTCOM) has conducted at least 18 airstrikes targeting Houthi infrastructure and leadership in Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen since 2:00 pm ET on April 21.[48] CENTCOM conducted at least four airstrikes in two sorties targeting reported Houthi barracks in Majzar District and at least four airstrikes targeting Houthi facilities in Sirwah District, both in Marib Governorate on the eastern front of Houthi-controlled areas.[49] CENTCOM also conducted at least four airstrikes targeting Houthi facilities on Kamaran Island, Hudaydah Governorate, on April 21.[50] CENTCOM conducted an unspecified number of airstrikes in Sanaa City and in Barash Camp on the eastern outskirts of Sanaa City on April 21, likely targeting Houthi leadership, command and control sites, and weapons depots.[51] CENTCOM conducted at least two airstrikes targeting a Houthi communications site in al Husn District, Dhamar Governorate.[52]

A Saudi news outlet reported on April 22 that CENTCOM airstrikes have killed at least 500 Houthi fighters, including senior operatives, since March 15, according to officials and sources familiar with intelligence assessments.[53] One unspecified official told the outlet that CENTCOM airstrikes have killed between 500 to 600 Houthi fighters, including missile system operators and drone experts.[54] These killed in action statistics are significantly higher than the 200 Houthi fighters killed in CENTCOM airstrikes as reported by anti-Houthi Yemeni media on April 21.[55] Other unspecified sources told the Saudi outlet that CENTCOM airstrikes have targeted and destroyed Houthi training camps, leaving ”no survivors.”[56] Unspecified officials also confirmed that CENTCOM airstrikes have “significantly weakened” Houthi air defense and other unspecified military capabilities.[57]

A Yemeni journalist confirmed on April 22 that a Houthi missile launched from an airbase on Adhran Mountain near Sanaa City malfunctioned and crashed into Furwa Market, Shuab District, on April 21.[58] Houthi media falsely reported this as a CENTCOM airstrike.[59] The Houthi missile misfire resulted in more than 40 casualties. A Yemeni analyst also reported that the Houthis continue to claim that a CENTCOM airstrike caused the explosion. The Houthis have arrested approximately 30 people in Sanaa City for publishing footage of the incident.[60]

The Palestinian Territories and Lebanon

Axis of Resistance objectives:

• Erode the will of the Israeli political establishment and public to sustain clearing operations in the Gaza Strip
• Reestablish Hamas as the governing authority in the Gaza Strip
• Rebuild and reestablish Hezbollah in southern Lebanon
• Establish the West Bank as a viable front against Israel

Nothing significant to report.

CTP-ISW will not be covering the new Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip. We have reprioritized our Middle East coverage to focus on Iran's nuclear program, Iranian domestic security, and Iranian efforts to rebuild its networks in the Levant, including the Palestinian Territories. Given that Israel and its partners have destroyed Hamas' military organization and severed the group's ability to resupply itself, we are now focused on how Iran seeks to rebuild its lines of communication with Hezbollah and Hamas through Syria.

Iranian Decision-Making, Internal Dynamics, and Foreign Policy

The Iranian rial appreciated from 828,000 rials to one US dollar on April 21 to 802,000 rials to one US dollar on April 22.[61]

Iranian Interior Minister Eskandar Momeni and Tajik Interior Minister Colonel General Rahimzoda Ramazon Hamro signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, on April 22.[62] Momeni announced that the MoU covers cooperation to combat terrorism, organized crime, and human trafficking. The agreement adds to the 22 MoUs and a joint statement signed during Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian's visit to Tajikistan in January 2025.[63] Iran has strengthened its defense ties with Tajikistan in recent years, including the opening of a drone manufacturing facility in Dushanbe in 2022.[64]

Iranian Foreign Affairs Minister Abbas Araghchi and Qatari Foreign Affairs Minister Mohamad bin Abdulrahman al Thani discussed US-Iran nuclear talks, bilateral ties, and regional developments in a phone call on April 21.[65] Thani expressed Qatar’s support for a nuclear agreement and emphasized the need for a “fair, enduring, and binding” deal. The phone call followed Araghchi and Thani's meeting in Moscow on April 18.[66] Thani is scheduled to visit Washington, DC, to meet US Secretary of State Marco Rubio on April 22.[67] Iran likely seeks to use nuclear talks with the United States to gain access to billions of dollars in frozen assets, including six billion US dollars held in Qatari banks. Iranian negotiators listed this among their core demands during the first round of US-Iran nuclear talks in Muscat on April 12.[68]

The United States sanctioned an Iranian national and a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) shipping network on April 22 for exporting “hundreds of millions of dollars” worth of Iranian LPG and crude oil.[69] The US Treasury stated that the revenue supports Iran’s nuclear and missile programs and its proxy groups. These new sanctions are part of the US “maximum pressure” sanctions against Iran.

The Iran Update provides insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored activities abroad that undermine regional stability and threaten US forces and interests. It also covers events and trends that affect the stability and decision-making of the Iranian regime. The Critical Threats Project (CTP) at the American Enterprise Institute and the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) provides these updates regularly based on regional events.

CTP-ISW defines the “Axis of Resistance” as the unconventional alliance that Iran has cultivated in the Middle East since the Islamic Republic came to power in 1979. This transnational coalition is comprised of state, semi-state, and non-state actors that cooperate to secure their collective interests. Tehran considers itself to be both part of the alliance and its leader. Iran furnishes these groups with varying levels of financial, military, and political support in exchange for some degree of influence or control over their actions. Some are traditional proxies that are highly responsive to Iranian direction, while others are partners over which Iran exerts more limited influence. Members of the Axis of Resistance are united by their grand strategic objectives, which include eroding and eventually expelling American influence from the Middle East, destroying the Israeli state, or both. Pursuing these objectives and supporting the Axis of Resistance to those ends have become cornerstones of Iranian regional strategy.

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[1] https://www.alaraby dot co.uk/politics/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%B6-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9

[2] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-16-2025 ; https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 ; https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-iran-begin-high-stakes-nuclear-talks-in-oman-fc07cdce

[3] https://www.alaraby dot co.uk/politics/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%B6-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9

[4] https://www.alaraby dot co.uk/politics/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%B6-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9

[5] https://www.isna dot ir/news/1404020201581/

[6] https://www.alaraby dot co.uk/politics/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%B6-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9

[7] https://www.alquds.co.uk/مسؤول-في-الجهاد-الإسلامي-لـالقدس-الع/

[8] https://t.me/sarayaps/19272

[9] https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/22/world/europe/syria-arrests-palestinian-militant-leaders.html

[10] https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/22/world/europe/syria-arrests-palestinian-militant-leaders.html ; https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/04/17/syria-us-military-withdrawal-trump/

[11] https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/syrian-sponsorship-global-terrorism-need-accountability-0; https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/palestinian-islamic-jihad

[12] https://www.timesofisrael dot com/idf-strikes-alleged-islamic-jihad-nerve-center-in-damascus-said-to-be-leaders-house; https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-chief-says-group-lost-its-supply-route-through-syria-2024-12-14/ ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-6-2024

[13] https://www.alquds.co.uk/مشاورات-لتسمية-اللجنة-المعنية-باختيا/

[14] https://www.aljazeera dot net/encyclopedia/2025/3/14/نص-الإعلان-الدستوري-لسوريا-2025

[15] https://www.aljazeera dot net/encyclopedia/2025/3/14/نص-الإعلان-الدستوري-لسوريا-2025

[16] https://www.aljazeera dot net/encyclopedia/2025/3/14/نص-الإعلان-الدستوري-لسوريا-2025

[17] https://www.aljazeera dot net/encyclopedia/2025/3/14/نص-الإعلان-الدستوري-لسوريا-2025

[18] https://www.syria dot tv/تمهيداً-لاختيار-مجلس-جديد-شورى-إدلب-يعيد-تشكيل-اللجنة-العليا-للانتخابات ; https://english.enabbaladi dot net/archives/2024/04/al-jolani-the-one-man-rule/

[19] https://www.arabnews dot com/node/1487521 ; https://english.enabbaladi dot net/archives/2024/04/al-jolani-the-one-man-rule/

[20] https://www.arabnews dot com/node/1487521 ; https://english.enabbaladi dot net/archives/2024/04/al-jolani-the-one-man-rule/

[21] https://www.syria dot tv/نموذج-جديد-لـبراغماتية-الهيئة-إطلاق-النسخة-الثانية-لمجلس-الشورى-في-إدلب

[22] https://jihadology.net/2024/12/08/new-fatwa-from-hayat-ta%E1%B8%A5rir-al-shams-general-administration-of-islamic-guidance-what-is-the-ruling-on-what-shaykh-al-jawlan-said-about-parliamentary-rule/

[23] https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/02/03/an-interview-with-ahmed-al-sharaa-syrias-president

[24] https://www.aljazeera dot net/encyclopedia/2025/3/14/نص-الإعلان-الدستوري-لسوريا-2025

[25] https://www.aljazeera dot net/encyclopedia/2025/3/14/نص-الإعلان-الدستوري-لسوريا-2025

[26] https://x.com/suwayda24/status/1913524499808403916 ; https://x.com/suwayda24/status/1913703686301229335 ; https://www dot aljazeera.net/politics/2025/4/22/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1

[27] https://www dot aljazeera.net/politics/2025/4/22/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1

[28] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-10-2025

[29] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-17-2025

[30] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1914622007729152219

[31] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1905591373962555431 ;                    https://x.com/HalabTodayTV/status/1905603258820747689

[32] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1905591373962555431 ;                    https://x.com/HalabTodayTV/status/1905603258820747689

[33] https://x.com/Daraa24_24/status/1914563214773309640

[34] https://x.com/Daraa24_24/status/1914563214773309640

[35] https://x.com/Daraa24_24/status/1899817159435473115 ; https://t.me/DaraaGov1/3294 ; https://x.com/Daraa24_24/status/1914207459050148206

[36] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-14-2025

[37] https://t.me/DaraaGov1/3294 ; https://x.com/Daraa24_24/status/1914207459050148206

[38] https://t.me/syrianmoi/23952

[39] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1914611012298252346 ; https://x.com/Daraa24_24/status/1911423095300071586

[40] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-15-2025

[41] https://t.me/basurin_e/18322; https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1913926605937807852

[42] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/first-wheat-shipment-since-assads-ouster-arrives-syrias-latakia-2025-04-20/

[43] https://x.com/TankerTrackers/status/1914046884143829046; https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/russia-ships-its-arctic-oil-syria-first-time-sanctions-limit-buyers-2025-03-21/

[44] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/russia-ships-its-arctic-oil-syria-first-time-sanctions-limit-buyers-2025-03-21/

[45] https://x.com/Syrianborders/status/1914669597577330997

[46] https://x.com/diaa_audi/status/1914672631804051569

[47] https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/russia-is-chasing-a-deal-to-keep-its-military-bases-in-syria-f9f6ca6e?mod=middle-east_news_article_pos1 ; https://www.ft.com/content/30ddfdd0-b83e-11e9-96bd-8e884d3ea203

[48] https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/status/1914385639321071994 ;          

https://x.com/Alsakaniali/status/1914500401669235128

https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/status/1914429960241963013; https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/status/1914459401064169636            

https://x.com/defenseliney/status/1914485667221897445;

https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/status/1914467268672491841; https://x.com/Alsakaniali/status/1914500401669235128

[49] https://x.com/AlHadath/status/1914387397581643954; https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/status/1914429960241963013; https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/status/1914467268672491841

[50] https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/status/1914416301964996780; https://x.com/Alsakaniali/status/1914500401669235128

[51] https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/status/1914466417321115743; https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/status/1914459401064169636

[52] https://x.com/defenseliney/status/1914485667221897445; https://x.com/Alsakaniali/status/1914500401669235128; https://x.com/AlHadath/status/1914524794382405986

[53] https://english.alarabiya dot net/News/united-states/2025/04/22/at-least-500-houthis-killed-in-us-strikes-over-last-month-officials

[54] https://english.alarabiya dot net/News/united-states/2025/04/22/at-least-500-houthis-killed-in-us-strikes-over-last-month-officials

[55] https://yemenfuture dot net/news/30784

[56] https://english.alarabiya dot net/News/united-states/2025/04/22/at-least-500-houthis-killed-in-us-strikes-over-last-month-officials

[57] https://english.alarabiya dot net/News/united-states/2025/04/22/at-least-500-houthis-killed-in-us-strikes-over-last-month-officials

[58] https://x.com/FaresALhemyari/status/1914635366222467344

[59] https://x.com/Mikeknightsiraq/status/1914175085260185646 ;

https://x.com/Alsakaniali/status/1914098496430571677 ; https://x.com/defenseliney/status/1914102299099795600

[60] https://x.com/BashaReport/status/1914440316414730265

[61] https://www.bon-bast.com/

[62] https://en.mehrnews dot com/news/230909

[63] https://irangov dot ir/detail/456395

[64] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/news/1401/02/28/2712908 ;

https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205175418

[65] https://en.mehrnews dot com/news/230871

[66] https://en.mehrnews dot com/news/230733

[67] https://www.axios.com/2025/04/22/trump-netanyahu-phone-call-gaza-hostage-deal-iran

[68] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-14-2025

[69] https://www.state.gov/sanctioning-a-liquified-petroleum-gas-shipping-network-to-further-pressure-iran/#:~:text=Today%2C%20the%20United%20States%20is,crude%20oil%20to%20foreign%20markets.

Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 22, 2025

Christina Harward, Olivia Gibson, Anna Harvey, Grace Mappes, and George Barros with Nate Trotter

April 22, 2025, 9:00 pm ET

Click here to see ISW’s interactive map of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This map is updated daily alongside the static maps present in this report.

Click here to see ISW's interactive map of Ukraine's offensive in Kursk Oblast.

Click here to see ISW’s 3D control of terrain topographic map of Ukraine. Use of a computer (not a mobile device) is strongly recommended for using this data-heavy tool.

Click here to access ISW’s archive of interactive time-lapse maps of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. These maps complement the static control-of-terrain map that ISW produces daily by showing a dynamic frontline. ISW will update this time-lapse map archive monthly.

Note: The data cut-off for this product was 12pm ET on April 22. ISW will cover subsequent reports in the April 23 Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment.

The Financial Times (FT) reported that Russian President Vladimir Putin is willing to end the war in Ukraine on the current frontlines. Kremlin officials, including Putin, have repeatedly and explicitly emphasized that Russia maintains its territorial demands over all of Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhia, and Kherson oblasts, however, while also publicly signaling that Russia has greater territorial ambitions in Ukraine beyond these four oblasts. The FT reported on April 22 that sources familiar with the matter stated that Putin told US Special Envoy for the Middle East Steve Witkoff during their April 11 meeting that Russia could relinquish its claims to the Ukrainian-controlled parts of the four oblasts that Russia has formally laid claim to and illegally annexed.[1] European officials briefed on the US efforts to end the war stated that Putin would probably use this to lure US President Donald Trump into accepting Russia's other demands and force these demands onto Ukraine as a fait accompli. Russia's "other demands" referenced by FT likely include Russia’s public demands for Ukrainian neutrality, regime change, and demilitarization — Putin's pre-war demands that Kremlin officials have consistently reiterated throughout the war and during negotiations about possible ceasefires and a peace deal.[2]

Russian officials have recently repeated Putin's June 2024 demand that Ukraine cede all of Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhia, and Kherson oblasts before Russia can agree to a ceasefire and peace negotiations.[3] Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov explicitly cited Putin's June 2024 speech on April 14, and Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) Head Sergey Naryshkin claimed on April 15 that any future peace agreement must include the recognition of Russia's illegal annexation of the entirety of these four oblasts.[4] Russia passed constitutional amendments in October 2022 that defined the four oblasts as Russian territory, and Russian officials have recently reiterated how the Russian Constitution holds primacy over international law.[5] Russian officials have also repeatedly invoked the term "Novorossiya" when talking about Russian-occupied and Russian-claimed territory in southern Ukraine, with Putin most recently using the term on April 21.[6] Novorossiya is an invented region in Ukraine that Kremlin officials have claimed includes all of southern and eastern Ukraine and is an "integral" part of Russia. A senior Russian occupation official, recently on April 21, called for Russia to control areas of southern Ukraine near the Dnipro River, including territory in oblasts that Russia has not formally claimed or illegally annexed.[7] Russian officials. including Putin, have also labelled Odesa City a "Russian city" that has nothing to do with Ukraine."[8] Kremlin newswire TASS has notably begun, as of April 2025, to characterize any Kremlin statements about Russian-claimed territory in Ukraine as about "Donbas and Novorossiya," likely as part of Kremlin efforts to set conditions for Russian society to expect Russia to achieve extensive territorial concessions in Ukraine.[9]

The Moscow Times reported that the Kremlin is attempting to use economic incentives to sway US-Russian talks about the war in Ukraine, as the Kremlin is not sincerely interested in US President Donald Trump's efforts to end the war. ISW cannot independently verify Kremlin sources' statements, but recent Kremlin behavior is consistent with the Moscow Times' insider reporting. Independent Russian outlet the Moscow Times reported on April 21 that five current Russian government officials, including two diplomats and three sources close to the Kremlin who are employees of three major state-owned companies, stated that the Kremlin is looking for incentives to "hold...Trump's attention."[10] One current Russian government official stated that Russian authorities are working "in full swing" to prepare proposals for Trump across "key economic sectors." One source who has participated in the Kremlin discussions on the matter stated that Russia "needs to milk Trump as much as possible, dangling the possibility of a ceasefire like a carrot before him." A Russian diplomat stated that the Kremlin's priority is to "recalibrate" relations with the United States while keeping dialogue about the war in Ukraine "alive." The Moscow Times reported that the official Russian sources see two main scenarios that could unfold: either Russia agrees to a Trump-brokered ceasefire in exchange for concessions, such as limitations on US weapons supplies to Ukraine, or Russia will blame Ukraine should talks collapse.[11]

Russia has recently offered the United States economic incentives that are unrelated to Russia’s war in Ukraine, likely as part of efforts to extract concessions from the United States about Russia’s war in Ukraine.[12] Russian Presidential Aide Nikolai Patrushev, for example, called for the United States and Russia to jointly work to solve problems in the Arctic in an April 21 article in Russian business outlet Kommersant.[13] This Russian effort goes against the Trump administration's desired timeline of events, as the White House has stated that the United States "needs to see a ceasefire first" before developing US-Russian economic partnerships.[14] Kremlin officials have claimed that Russia is willing to negotiate to end the war in Ukraine while attempting to blame Ukraine for the lack of progress towards ending the war.[15] Putin, however, has rejected multiple full or temporary ceasefire offers that the United States and Ukraine have proposed. Putin rejected the March 18 US-Ukrainian proposed temporary ceasefire along the entire frontline; refused to extend the unilateral Russian Easter truce on April 21, despite both US and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky's support for such an extension; and rejected Zelensky's recent proposal for a temporary moratorium on long-range strikes against civilian infrastructure.[16] Putin has already started to question whether Ukraine would be able to receive military aid from its allies in the event of a temporary full ceasefire — possibly to set conditions to demand the cessation of United States and likely also European weapons supplies to Ukraine as a condition for accepting a full ceasefire.[17]

Any potential future Russian agreement to freeze the front short of Russia's full control of Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhia, and Kherson oblasts does not preclude future Russian aggression to achieve Russia's more extensive territorial demands, especially if the agreement stipulates a moratorium on Ukraine receiving Western military aid. A Russian diplomat reportedly told the Moscow Times that "the situation on the ground will dictate the next moves" in US-Russian talks about the war and that "it is all about time, patience, and staying the course."[18] The current frontlines do not provide the strategic depth that Ukraine will need to reliably defend against renewed Russian aggression, as Russian forces are just across the Dnipro River from Kherson City, roughly 25 kilometers from Zaporizhzhia City, and 20 kilometers from Kharkiv City.[19] Russia has notably intensified its use of armored vehicles across the frontline and appears to have started a likely years' long effort to seize Ukraine's fortress belt in Donetsk Oblast - likely as part of efforts to gain as much territory as possible in eastern and southern Ukraine, particularly in the four oblasts to which Russia has formally laid claim.[20] Russia may tactically and temporarily stop pushing for Putin's demands for the Ukrainian-controlled areas of the four illegally annexed oblasts in southern and eastern Ukraine in order to extract other concessions from the United States under the rubric of negotiations. Such concessions could be Russia's "other demands" of installing a pro-Russian government in Kyiv and drastically shrinking the Ukrainian military in order to decrease resistance against renewed Russian aggression. The Kremlin will likely exploit any ceasefire predicated on limitations on US weapons supplies to Ukraine to prepare for renewed aggression.

Kremlin officials continued efforts on April 22 to blame Ukraine for the lack of progress towards Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky's proposed temporary ceasefire on strikes against civilian infrastructure. Zelensky reiterated on April 21 that Ukraine remains ready and willing to discuss Zelensky's recent proposal for a 30-day ceasefire on long-range strikes against civilian infrastructure.[21] Kremlin Spokesperson Dmitry Peskov claimed on April 22, after Zelensky's April 21 statement, that Ukraine has yet to respond to Russian President Vladimir Putin's repeated statements signaling Russia's willingness to discuss such a ceasefire with Ukraine and that Russia first needs to understand if Ukraine is ready for such discussions.[22] Peskov claimed that there are no plans to discuss the proposed ceasefire and that Ukraine must remove its "obstacles" to contacts with Russia before bilateral discussions can begin, in reference to Zelensky's September 2022 decree banning negotiations with Putin after Putin's illegal annexation of parts of eastern and southern Ukraine.[23] Zelensky has repeatedly signaled his willingness to negotiate with Russia in recent months, however.[24] Peskov reiterated Putin's April 21 claims that Russia needs to "sort out" and study cases where there have been strikes against civilian infrastructure where military personnel were operating before agreeing to Zelensky's proposal.[25] Peskov's April 22 claims are in line with the Moscow Times' reporting that the Kremlin will attempt to blame Ukraine should talks to end the war fall apart and that the Kremlin is "dangling the possibility of a ceasefire like a carrot before [Trump]."[26]

The Kremlin continues to reject Trump's stated goal of achieving a ceasefire in Ukraine before a full peace settlement to end the war — in contrast to Ukraine's continued support for a general ceasefire. US President Donald Trump expressed hope on April 20 that Russia and Ukraine would make a deal this week, possibly referring to a general ceasefire agreement that would precede future peace negotiations.[27] Zelensky stated on April 21 that a ceasefire "should be the first step towards a reliable and lasting peace" and that only after Ukraine and Russia demonstrate adherence to an agreed upon ceasefire can the parties establish the trust necessary to resolve "fundamental issues."[28] Peskov claimed on April 22 that Russia and the United States maintain communication via several channels but that "it is probably not worth setting any strict time frames" or "trying to fit a viable settlement [to the war] into short time frame" as "the topic is so complex."[29] Zelensky's and Peskov's statements continue to demonstrate Ukraine's willingness to adhere to Trump's desired plans to end the war and Russia's rejection of these desired plans.[30]

Russian forces continue to innovate their long-range drone strike tactics in order to offset the effectiveness of Ukrainian mobile defense units. Russian milbloggers claimed on April 22 that Russian forces conducted a strike against Odesa City on April 21 with Geran-3 jet kamikaze drones (Russia's analogue to the Iranian Shahed-238), which reportedly has a maximum speed of 500 to 600 kilometers per hour.[31] One milblogger claimed that the Geran-3 drone may have a new compact turbojet engine or may have a slightly modified version of the previous engine.[32] Other milbloggers claimed that the Geran-3 drones flew at higher altitudes than previous drone models during the Odesa City strike, allowing them to avoid Ukrainian mobile defense units. The milbloggers claimed that Russian forces directed multiple Geran drones from different directions toward a single target in Odesa City and that the drones waited in a designated area near the target while other drones conducted additional reconnaissance for target adjustment. The drones then reportedly conducted a concentrated strike against the target, hitting simultaneously and from different directions. Ukrainian sources and German outlet BILD similarly reported in late March and early April 2025 that Russian forces are loitering long-range drones at high altitudes several kilometers from large Ukrainian cities and other targets before conducting synchronized strikes with multiple drones in order to overwhelm Ukrainian air defenses.[33] It is unclear if the Geran-3 that Russian forces used in the April 21 Odesa City strike is a new modified version, if Russian forces have only changed their tactics for employing the drone, or both. Ukrainian Center for Countering Disinformation Head Lieutenant Andriy Kovalenko stated on April 22 that Russia recently increased its production of Geran-type drones and has begun using swarm tactics during drone strikes.[34] ISW previously reported that Russians started producing and using their own Shahed-131 and Shahed-136 analogues (which Russia calls Geran-1 and Geran-2, respectively) with imported Iranian components and using Iranian production licenses as early as summer 2023 and began producing the Geran-3 drone in early 2024.[35] ISW also recently collected reports that Russian forces have begun to equip Shahed drones with concentrated chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS) gas (a type of riot control agent [RCA] banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC], to which Russia is a signatory), likely to inflict damage on Ukrainian forces or civilians even after Ukrainian troops shoot down the drones.[36] Ukrainian forces have proven highly effective at shooting down Russia's long-range drones using mobile air defense units, and Russia is likely looking for different ways to overcome these effective Ukrainian air defenders.[37] Russian forces will likely seek to overwhelm Ukrainian air defense systems by increasing the number of Shahed and Geran drones used in Russian strike packages, continuing to implement swarm strikes, and further adapting drones to penetrate Ukraine’s air defenses to inflict maximum damage.

Russia is reportedly recruiting North Korean citizens to compensate for labor shortages in Russia, indicating that Russian-North Korean cooperation continues to deepen. Ryazan Oblast news outlet Ya62 reported on February 15 that Ryazan Oblast Telegram channels reported that over 100 North Korean women signed three-year contracts to work at one of the Ryazan Oblast warehouses of Russian retail giant Wildberries (the Russian equivalent of Amazon), but Ya62 noted that this information is unconfirmed.[38] Russian opposition student journal DOXA reported that there is a video circulated among Wildberries employees reportedly showing North Korean women at a Wildberries warehouse in Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, and a local Telegram channel claimed on April 15 that former Wildberries employees reported there are "hundreds" of North Koreans working at the Elektrostal warehouse.[39] DOXA reported that a Wildberries representative did not confirm whether the workers in the Elekstrostal video were North Korean but stated that Wildberries is working with a recruiting agency to attract workers from unspecified countries.[40] Russian milbloggers amplified much of this reporting on April 21 and 22 and praised Russia's and Wildberries' efforts to recruit North Korean workers for jobs in Russia to offset ongoing labor shortages.[41] The milbloggers praised North Korean migrants as better than migrants from Central Asian countries, claiming that North Korean migrants only work in Russia on short-term contracts instead of migrating permanently, are more "disciplined" and work harder for less pay and longer hours, are less biased against Russia, and "behave decently" — a reference to frequent Russian ultranationalist and xenophobic complaints that Central Asian migrant communities in Russia fail to assimilate into Russian cultural and legal norms. ISW has observed indicators that Russia is preparing for an influx of North Korean citizens to arrive in Russia, likely to either join the Russian workforce or join the Russian military, and ease some economic constraints of Russia's war effort.[42] Russian official data shows that 13,221 North Koreans entered Russia in 2024 — up to 12 times the number that entered Russia in 2023 — and that 7,887 of these North Koreans entered Russia on student visas, with the largest number entering Russia in the months immediately before the deployment of North Korean troops to Russia.[43] A significant increase in the number of North Koreans working in the Russian civilian sectors could free up Russia's civilian sector employees to work in the Russian defense industry or fight against Ukraine.

Key Takeaways:

• The Financial Times (FT) reported that Russian President Vladimir Putin is willing to end the war in Ukraine on the current frontlines. Kremlin officials, including Putin, have repeatedly and explicitly emphasized that Russia maintains its territorial demands over all of Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhia, and Kherson oblasts, however, while also publicly signaling that Russia has greater territorial ambitions in Ukraine beyond these four oblasts.
• The Moscow Times reported that the Kremlin is attempting to use economic incentives to sway US-Russian talks about the war in Ukraine as the Kremlin is not sincerely interested in US President Donald Trump's efforts to end the war. ISW cannot independently verify Kremlin sources' statements, but recent Kremlin behavior is consistent with the Moscow Times' insider reporting.
• Any potential future Russian agreement to freeze the front short of Russia's full control of Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhia, and Kherson oblasts does not preclude future Russian aggression to achieve Russia's more extensive territorial demands, especially if the agreement stipulates a moratorium on Ukraine receiving Western military aid.
• Kremlin officials continued efforts on April 22 to blame Ukraine for the lack of progress towards Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky's proposed temporary ceasefire on strikes against civilian infrastructure.
• The Kremlin continues to reject Trump's stated goal of achieving a ceasefire in Ukraine before a full peace settlement to end the war – in contrast to Ukraine's continued support for a general ceasefire.
• Russian forces continue to innovate their long-range drone strike tactics in order to offset the effectiveness of Ukrainian mobile defense units.
• Russia is reportedly recruiting North Korean citizens to compensate for labor shortages in Russia, indicating that Russian-North Korean cooperation continues to deepen.
• Russian forces recently advanced in Kursk Oblast and near Toretsk.

We do not report in detail on Russian war crimes because these activities are well-covered in Western media and do not directly affect the military operations we are assessing and forecasting. We will continue to evaluate and report on the effects of these criminal activities on the Ukrainian military and the Ukrainian population and specifically on combat in Ukrainian urban areas. We utterly condemn Russian violations of the laws of armed conflict and the Geneva Conventions and crimes against humanity even though we do not describe them in these reports.

• Alleged Ceasefire Violation
• Ukrainian Operations in the Russian Federation
• Russian Supporting Effort – Northern Axis
• Russian Main Effort – Eastern Ukraine (comprised of three subordinate main efforts)
• Russian Subordinate Main Effort #1 – Push Ukrainian forces back from the international border with Belgorod Oblast and approach to within tube artillery range of Kharkiv City
• Russian Subordinate Main Effort #2 – Capture the remainder of Luhansk Oblast and push westward into eastern Kharkiv Oblast and encircle northern Donetsk Oblast
• Russian Subordinate Main Effort #3 – Capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast, the claimed territory of Russia’s proxies in Donbas, and possibly advance into Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
• Russian Supporting Effort – Southern Axis
• Russian Air, Missile, and Drone Campaign
• Significant Activity in Belarus

Alleged Ceasefire Violations

There are no active ceasefires in place in Ukraine.

Ukrainian Operations in the Russian Federation

Russian forces recently advanced in Kursk Oblast.

Assessed Russian advances: Geolocated footage published on April 22 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced along the 38H-609 Sudzha-Guyevo highway south of Oleshnya (southwest of Sudzha).[44]

Unconfirmed claims: Russian sources claimed that Russian forces seized the St. Nicholas Monastery southwest of Guyevo (south of Sudzha near the international border) after Ukrainian forces allegedly used the April 19 to 20 Easter truce to regain positions in the monastery.[45]

Fighting continued near Gornal.[46]

A Kremlin-affiliated Russian milblogger claimed that Mount Fragor (just southwest of the St. Nicholas Monastery) is a contested "gray zone."[47] Russian security forces claimed to Kremlin newswire TASS on April 22 that Ukrainian forces blew up buildings in the monastery, but Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces conducted a FAB-1500 or FAB-3000 glide bomb strike against Ukrainian positions in the monastery.[48]

Order of Battle: Drone operators of the Russian 106th Airborne (VDV) Division are reportedly operating drones with fiber optic cables in Kursk Oblast.[49] Elements of the 177th Naval Infantry Regiment (Caspian Flotilla) and 40th Naval Infantry Brigade (Pacific Fleet) are reportedly operating near the St. Nicholas Monastery.[50]

Fighting continued in northwestern Belgorod Oblast on April 22.

Unconfirmed claims: A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced northwest of Popovka (northwest of Belgorod City).[51]

Russian milbloggers claimed that Ukrainian forces unsuccessfully attacked near Popovka and Demidovka (southeast of Popovka).[52]

A Russian milblogger claimed that Ukrainian forces maintain positions on the outskirts of Popovka.[53]

Order of Battle: Drone operators of the Russian 34th Motorized Rifle Brigade (49th Combined Arms Army [CAA], Southern Military District [SMD]) are reportedly near Demidovka and Popovka.[54] Elements of the "Aida" group of the 204th Chechen "Akhmat" Spetsnaz Regiment are reportedly operating near Demidovka.[55]

Ukrainian forces may have conducted a drone strike against a Russian missile and artillery arsenal in Vladimir Oblast on April 22, but ISW cannot independently verify the cause of the explosion at the arsenal. Ukrainian Center for Countering Disinformation Head Lieutenant Andriy Kovalenko, who typically reports on successful Ukrainian strikes against Russian territory, stated on April 22 that there was an explosion at the 51st Arsenal of the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate (GRAU) near Kirzhach, Vladimir Oblast.[56] Kovalenko stated that the arsenal stored roughly 105,000 tons of weapons, including significant stocks of artillery shells, missiles, and ammunition for air defense systems and multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS). Kovalenko did not state the cause of the explosion. Geolocated footage published on April 22 shows a smoke plume southwest of Kirzhach near the 51st Arsenal.[57] Vladimir Oblast Governor Aleksander Avdeeva claimed on April 22 that there was an explosion in Kirzhachsky Raion.[58] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed on April 22 that a fire at an unspecified military unit in Vladimir Oblast caused an ammunition warehouse to detonate and that safety regulation violations regarding handling explosive materials caused the fire.[59] A Russian milblogger claimed that Ukrainian drones may have caused the explosion if Ukrainian drones hit open or poorly protected areas of the arsenal.[60] A Kremlin-affiliated Russian milblogger claimed that human error or sabotage may be the reason for the explosion.[61]

Russian Supporting Effort – Northern Axis (Russian objective: Create defensible buffer zones in northern Ukraine along the international border and approach to within tube artillery range of Sumy City)

Russian forces continued offensive operations in northern Sumy Oblast on April 22 but did not make confirmed advances.

Unconfirmed claims: A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced south of Veselivka (northeast of Sumy City).[62]

Russian forces conducted offensive operations north of Yunakivka (northeast of Sumy City) and along the Volodymryivka-Bilovody-Basivka line (north and northeast of Sumy City).[63] A Kremlin-affiliated Russian milblogger claimed that there is contradictory information about the Volodymryivka-Bilovody-Basivka line and that the situation is unclear.[64]

Order of Battle: Drone operators of the "Anvar Spetsnaz" detachment (possibly referring to the BARS-25 "Anvar" volunteer detachment) and "Aida" Akhmat Spetsnaz Detachment are reportedly operating in Sumy Oblast.[65]

Russian Main Effort – Eastern Ukraine

Russian Subordinate Main Effort #1 – Kharkiv Oblast (Russian objective: Push Ukrainian forces back from the international border with Belgorod Oblast and approach to within tube artillery range of Kharkiv City)

Russian forces continued limited offensive operations in northern Kharkiv Oblast on April 22 but did not advance.

Russian forces attacked north of Kharkiv City near Lyptsi and northeast of Kharkiv City near Vovchansk on April 21 and 22.[66]

The spokesperson of a Ukrainian brigade operating in the Vovchansk area reported on April 22 that Russian forces used Russia's unilateral 30-hour Easter truce to conduct rotations and supply frontline positions in this direction.[67] The spokesperson noted that Russian forces use small sabotage and reconnaissance groups to probe and attack Ukrainian positions in the area.

Russian Subordinate Main Effort #2 – Luhansk Oblast (Russian objective: Capture the remainder of Luhansk Oblast and push westward into eastern Kharkiv Oblast and northern Donetsk Oblast)

Russian forces continued ground attacks in the Kupyansk direction on April 22 but did not make confirmed advances.

Unconfirmed claims: A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced northeast of Topoli and southwest of Kamyanka (both northeast of Kupyansk along the international border), northwest and southwest of Zapadne (northeast of Kupyansk), and northwest and northeast of Petropavlivka (east of Kupyansk).[68]

Russian forces continued ground attacks near Kamyanka, northwest of Kupyansk near Mala Shapkivka, north of Kupyansk near Kindrashivka, and east of Kupyansk near Petropavlivka on April 21 and 22.[69]

Order of Battle: Drone operators of the Russian "Kontory" Group (1st Guards Tank Army [GTA], Moscow Military District [MMD]) reportedly continue to operate in the Kupyansk direction.[70]

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Borova direction on April 22 but did not advance.

Russian forces continued ground attacks northeast of Borova near Zahryzove and Nova Kruhlyakivka, east of Borova near Nadiya, and southeast of Borova near Novoserhiivka, Olhivka, and Hrekivka on April 21 and 22.[71] A Russian milblogger claimed that Ukrainian forces counterattacked near Nadiya.[72]

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Lyman direction on April 22 but did not make confirmed advances.

Unconfirmed claims: Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced northeast of Lyman along the Novomykhailivka-Katerynivka-Nove line, near Myrne, north of Novomykhailivka, and in central Ridkodub.[73]

Russian forces continued ground attacks northeast of Lyman near Novomykhailivka, Ridkodub, Myrne, and Kolodyazi, and toward Zelena Dolyna and Novyi Myr; and east of Lyman near Torske on April 21 and 22.[74]

The spokesperson of a Ukrainian brigade operating in the Lyman direction reported that Russian forces heavily shelled Ukrainian positions and conducted at least one infantry assault during Russia's unilateral Easter truce on April 19 to 20.[75] The spokesperson reported that Russian forces used the truce to pull infantry equipped with machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) closer to the frontline and launched a large infantry assault after the truce expired.

Order of Battle: Elements of the Russian "Smuglyanka" detachment are reportedly operating in the Lyman direction.[76]

Russian Subordinate Main Effort #3 – Donetsk Oblast (Russian objective: Capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast, the claimed territory of Russia’s proxies in Donbas, and possibly advance into Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Siversk direction on April 22 but did not make confirmed advances.

Unconfirmed claims: Russian milbloggers claimed on April 22 that Russian forces advanced southeast of Hryhorivka (northeast of Siversk), into central Fedorivka (south of Siversk), and in fields northeast and south of Vasyukivka (southwest of Siversk).[77]

Russian forces attacked northeast of Siversk near Hryhorivka, east of Siversk near Verkhnokamyanske, and south of Siversk near Pereizne on April 21 and 22.[78]

Order of Battle: Elements of the Russian 7th Motorized Rifle Brigade (3rd Combined Arms Army [CAA], formerly 2nd Luhansk People's Republic Army Corps [AC], Southern Military District [SMD]) are reportedly operating south of Bilohorivka (northeast of Siversk).[79]

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Chasiv Yar direction on April 22 but did not make confirmed advances.

Unconfirmed claims: Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced in fields northwest of Chasiv Yar and along Vysokovoltna Street in southwestern Chasiv Yar itself.[80]

Russian forces attacked near Chasiv Yar itself, north of Chasiv Yar near Markove, northeast of Chasiv Yar near Vasyukivka, and south of Chasiv Yar near Bila Hora and Stupochky on April 21 and 22.[81]

Ukrainian Luhansk Group of Forces Spokesperson Lieutenant Colonel Dmytro Zaporozhets stated on April 21 that Russian forces only slightly decreased the rate of artillery fire during the Russian-declared Easter truce on April 19 to 20, but did not conduct air strikes.[82] Zaporozhets reported that Russian forces struck Kostyantynivka (southwest of Chasiv Yar) with multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS) and struck Ukrainian positions with guided bombs upon the expiration of the truce at midnight local time on April 21. Zaporozhets noted that Russian forces in the Chasiv Yar direction continue to attack in small infantry groups and are not conducting mechanized attacks.

Order of Battle: Elements of the Russian 98th Airborne (VDV) Division, including sapper units and the division's 331st and 299th VDV regiments, are reportedly operating in Chasiv Yar.[83] Elements of the Russian 5th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (98th VDV Division) are reportedly operating in the Chasiv Yar direction.[84] Drone operators of the Russian 200th Motorized Rifle Brigade (14th Army Corps [AC], Leningrad Military District [LMD]) are reportedly striking Ukrainian positions near Oleksiyevo-Druzhkivka (about 15km west of Chasiv Yar), likely from positions in or near Chasiv Yar.[85]

Russian forces recently advanced in the Toretsk direction.

Assessed Russian advances: Geolocated footage posted on April 22 indicates that Russian forces recently marginally in the waste heap area immediately north of Toretsk.[86]

Unconfirmed claims: The Russian MoD and other Russian sources claimed on April 22 that Russian forces seized Sukha Balka (southwest of Toretsk).[87] Russian sources claimed that Russian forces advanced in fields northeast of Dachne (north of Toretsk), east of Shcherbynivka, and southwest of Petrivka (both west of Toretsk).[88]

Russian forces attacked near Toretsk itself, north of Toretsk near Dachne and Dyliivka, east of Toretsk near Druzhba, west of Toretsk near Shcherbynivka and Petrivka, and southwest of Toretsk toward Romanivka and north of Sukha Balka on April 21 and 22.[89]

A Ukrainian brigade posted footage on April 21 indicating that Russian infantry continues using motorcycles to advance in the Toretsk direction.[90] The brigade stated that Russian forces are constantly experimenting with new tactics, including conducting assaults with armored columns followed by small infantry groups and conducting assaults on motorcycles.

Order of Battle: Elements of the Russian 68th Tank Regiment (150th Motorized Rifle Division, 8th CAA, SMD) are reportedly operating near Sukha Balka.[91] Elements of the 4th Motorized Rifle Brigade (3rd CAA, SMD) are reportedly operating in Dachne.[92]

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Pokrovsk direction on April 22 but did not make any confirmed advances.

Unconfirmed claims: A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced south of Stara Mykolaivka (east of Pokrovsk).[93]

Russian forces attacked northeast of Pokrovsk toward Malynivka and near Tarasivka, Berezivka, Vodyane Druhe, and Stara Mykolaivka; east of Pokrovsk near Promin, Yelyzavetivka, Novotoretske, Oleksandropil, and Myrolyubivka and toward Stara Mykolaivka; southeast of Pokrovsk near Sukhyi Yar and Lysivka; and southwest of Pokrovsk near Zvirove, Udachne, Leontovychi (formerly Pershe Travnya), and Kotlyne on April 21 and 22.[94] Russian milbloggers claimed that Ukrainian forces counterattacked near Shevchenko (south of Pokrovsk), Udachne, Zvirove, and Pishchane.[95]

The spokesperson of a Ukrainian brigade operating in the Pokrovsk direction reported on April 22 that Russian forces continue assaulting in small infantry groups.[96] The spokesperson reported that Russian forces conducted a mechanized assault with an unspecified number of infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and cars carrying infantry on April 19.

Order of Battle: Drone operators of the Russian "Smuglyanka" Detachment reportedly continue to operate in the Pokrovsk direction.[97] Elements of the Russian 10th Tank Regiment (20th Motorized Rifle Division, 8th CAA, SMD) are reportedly operating near Shevchenko, and elements of the Russian 15th Motorized Rifle Brigade (2nd CAA, Central Military District [CMD]) are reportedly operating near Udachne.[98]

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Novopavlivka direction on April 22 but did not make any confirmed advances.

Unconfirmed claims: A Russian milblogger claimed that Ukrainian forces advanced near Troitske (southeast of Novopavlivka) and that Ukrainian forces seized half of Uspenivka (northeast of Novopavlivka.[99] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced west of Kotlyarivka (east of Novopavlivka) and near Bohdanivka (southeast of Novopavlivka).[100]

Russian forces attacked northeast of Novopavlivka near Uspenivka and Novooleksandrivka; east of Novopavlivka near Preobrazhenka, Kotlyarivka, and Nadiivka; and southeast of Novopavlivka near Troitske and toward Horikhove on April 21 and 22.[101] Russian milbloggers claimed on April 21 that Ukrainian forces counterattacked near Troitske and Bohdanivka.[102]

The Russian MoD claimed on April 22 that Russian forces fighting in the Novopavlivka direction began using unspecified sound reception systems to coordinate combat operations rather than using radio communications, likely to evade electronic warfare (EW) detection and jamming.[103]

Order of Battle: The Russian MoD credited elements of the Russian 90th Tank Division (41st CAA, CMD) with seizing Preobrazhenka, which ISW assesses Russian forces seized as of March 29.[104] Elements of the Russian 2nd Motorized Rifle Battalion of the 428th Motorized Rifle Regiment (90th Tank Division) reportedly continue operating near Preobrazhenka.[105]

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Kurakhove direction on April 22 but did not advance.

Russian forces attacked west of Kurakhove near Andriivka, Oleksiivka, and Kostyantynopil; and southwest of Kurakhove near Bahatyr, Novosilka, Rozlyv, and Odradne on April 21 and 22.[106] A Russian milblogger claimed that Ukrainian forces counterattacked east of Bahatyr.[107]

Order of Battle: Drone operators of the Russian 14th Spetsnaz Brigade (Russian General Staff's Main Directorate [GRU]) and artillery elements of the Russian 200th Motorized Rifle Brigade (29th CAA, Eastern Military District [EMD]) are reportedly striking Ukrainian forces near Bahatyr.[108] Elements of the Russian 656th Motorized Rifle Regiment (29th CAA) are reportedly operating near Kostyantynopil.[109]

Russian forces continued offensive operations in the Velyka Novosilka direction on April 22 but did not advance.

Russian forces attacked northwest of Velyka Novosilka near Pryvilne and Vilne Pole and southwest of Velyka Novosilka toward Novopil on April 21 and 22.[110]

Russian Supporting Effort – Southern Axis (Russian objective: Maintain frontline positions, secure rear areas against Ukrainian strikes, and advance within tube artillery range of Zaporizhzhia City)

Russian forces continued offensive operations in western Zaporizhia Oblast on April 22 but did not advance.

Russian forces attacked southeast of Orikhiv near Mala Tokmachka; south of Orikhiv toward Novodanylivka; southwest of Orikhiv near Stepove, Pyatykhatky, and Lobkove; and west of Orikhiv near Mali Shcherbaky on April 21 and 22.[111]

The commander of a Ukrainian platoon operating in the Orikhiv direction stated on April 22 that Russian forces still have a large amount of equipment concentrated in western Zaporizhia Oblast despite taking heavy equipment losses during the unsuccessful battalion-sized assault in western Zaporizhia Oblast on April 16.[112] The Ukrainian platoon commander noted that Russian forces are using armored vehicle convoys to transport infantry.

Order of Battle: Drone operators of the Russian 42nd Motorized Rifle Division (58th Combined Arms Army [CAA], Southern Military District [SMD]) are reportedly striking Ukrainian forces near Orikhiv, and elements of the 71st Motorized Rifle Regiment (42nd Motorized Rifle Division) are reportedly operating in the Orikhiv direction.[113]

Russian forces conducted limited ground assaults in the Dnipro direction on April 21 and 22 but did not advance.[114]

Russian Air, Missile, and Drone Campaign (Russian Objective: Target Ukrainian military and civilian infrastructure in the rear and on the frontline)

Russian forces conducted a series of drone strikes against Ukraine overnight on April 21 to 22 and during the day on April 22. The Ukrainian Air Force reported that Russian forces launched 54 strike drones and decoy drones overnight from Millerovo, Rostov Oblast; Kursk and Bryansk cities; Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Krasnodar Krai; and occupied Cape Chauda, Crimea.[115] The Ukrainian Air Force reported that Ukrainian forces downed 38 drones and that 16 decoy drones were "lost," likely due to Ukrainian electronic warfare (EW) interference. Ukrainian officials reported that Russian drones struck Kyiv and Odesa oblasts overnight.[116] The Ukrainian Air Force reported that Russian forces launched 77 strike and decoy drones from Kursk and Bryansk cities and Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Krasnodar Krai during the day on April 22.[117] The Ukrainian Air Force reported that Ukrainian forces downed 38 drones and that another 31 drones were "lost." Ukrainian officials reported that Russian drones struck Kharkiv, Cherkasy, and Zaporizhia oblasts during the day.[118]

Ukrainian officials reported that a Russian guided glide bomb struck a high-rise building in Zaporizhzhia City during the day, killing at least one civilian and injuring at least 26.[119]

Significant activity in Belarus (Russian efforts to increase its military presence in Belarus and further integrate Belarus into Russian-favorable frameworks)

Nothing significant to report.

Note: ISW does not receive any classified material from any source, uses only publicly available information, and draws extensively on Russian, Ukrainian, and Western reporting and social media as well as commercially available satellite imagery and other geospatial data as the basis for these reports. References to all sources used are provided in the endnotes of each update.

---

[1] https://www.ft.com/content/5d848403-4a15-4592-888b-eb7b754ecb3a

[2] https://isw.pub/UkrWar011125 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar011425; https://isw.pub/UkrWar041825; https://isw.pub/UkrWar040725; https://isw.pub/UkrWar122624

[3] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-14-2024; https://isw.pub/UkrWar04172025; https://isw.pub/UkrWar063024

[4] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-april-15-2025

[5] http://kremlin dot ru/acts/constitution/item#chapter3; https://tass dot ru/politika/15978897; https://isw.pub/UkrWar022625

[6] https://isw.pub/UkrWar042125; https://isw.pub/UkrWar041525; https://isw.pub/UkrWar041525; https://isw.pub/UkrWar070524; https://isw.pub/UkrWar032225; https://isw.pub/UkrWar031925; https://isw.pub/UkrWar031625

[7] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-april-21-2025

[8] https://isw.pub/UkrWar041525; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-22-2025; https://isw.pub/UkrWar031925

[9] https://t.me/tass_agency/311454; http://kremlin dot ru/events/president/news/76738; https://tass dot ru/politika/23708071

[10] https://www.themoscowtimes dot com/2025/04/21/trump-tower-moscow-rare-earths-and-geopolitical-perks-how-the-kremlin-plans-to-bait-trump-into-a-grand-bargain-a88762

[11] https://www.themoscowtimes dot com/2025/04/21/trump-tower-moscow-rare-earths-and-geopolitical-perks-how-the-kremlin-plans-to-bait-trump-into-a-grand-bargain-a88762

[12] https://isw.pub/UkrWar021825; https://isw.pub/UkrWar033125

[13] https://www.kommersant dot ru/doc/7674253

[14] https://isw.pub/UkrWar041625 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar031925 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar041825

[15] https://isw.pub/UkrWar041625; https://isw.pub/UkrWar041525; https://isw.pub/UkrWar030525; https://isw.pub/UkrWar012425; https://isw.pub/UkrWar120324; https://isw.pub/UkrWar122624

[16] https://isw.pub/UkrWar031825; https://isw.pub/UkrWar042125; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-april-20-2025; https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-us-says-it-would-welcome-extension-ceasefire-2025-04-20/

[17] https://isw.pub/UkrWar031325

[18] https://www.themoscowtimes dot com/2025/04/21/trump-tower-moscow-rare-earths-and-geopolitical-perks-how-the-kremlin-plans-to-bait-trump-into-a-grand-bargain-a88762

[19] https://isw.pub/UkrWar031625

[20] https://isw.pub/UkrWar04172025; https://isw.pub/UkrWar041425; https://isw.pub/UkrWar040825

[21] https://www.president.gov dot ua/news/same-pripinennya-vognyu-realne-trivale-maye-stati-pershim-kr-97297

[22] https://tass dot ru/politika/23745989 ; https://t.me/tass_agency/311556 ; https://t.me/tass_agency/311558 ; https://t.me/tass_agency/311576 ; https://t.me/zarubinreporter/3865 ; https://www.interfax-russia dot ru/rossiya-i-mir/kontakty-rf-i-ssha-po-ukrainskomu-uregulirovaniyu-prodolzhayutsya-po-razlichnym-kanalam-peskov

[23] https://tass dot ru/politika/23745917 ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-20-2025

[24] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-january-24-2025

[25] https://isw.pub/UkrWar042125 ; https://tass dot ru/politika/23745989

[26] https://www.themoscowtimes dot com/2025/04/21/trump-tower-moscow-rare-earths-and-geopolitical-perks-how-the-kremlin-plans-to-bait-trump-into-a-grand-bargain-a88762

[27] https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/114372126396548824 ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-april-21-2025

[28] https://www.president.gov dot ua/news/same-pripinennya-vognyu-realne-trivale-maye-stati-pershim-kr-97297

[29] https://tass dot ru/politika/23747325

[30] https://isw.pub/UkrWar042125 ; https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/114372126396548824

[31] https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/27359; https://t.me/boris_rozhin/162183 https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-3-2025

[32] https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/27359

[33] https://isw.pub/UkrWar041225

[34] https://t.me/akovalenko1989/9138

[35] https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/The%20Russia-Iran%20Coalition%20Deepens%20013025.pdf; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-3-2025; https://www.dia.mil/Portals/110/Documents/News/Military_Power_Publications/UAV_Book.pdf; https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d3be20c31acd4112b0aecece5b2a283c

[36] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-april-17-2025

[37] https://isw.pub/UkrWar031525 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar030725 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar022325 ; https://isw.pub/UkrWar021225 ; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-2-2025 ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-1-2025 ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-22-2025 ; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-23-2025 ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-11-2025 ; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-10-2025

[38] https://ya62 dot ru/text/job/2025/02/14/75112232/

[39] https://t.me/labour_market/1981; https://doxa dot team/news/2025-04-15-wildberries

[40] https://doxa dot team/news/2025-04-15-wildberries

[41] https://t.me/rybar/69816; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/90376; https://t.me/mig41/41540; https://sobcor dot news/22042025/8527/

[42] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-10-2025; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-9-2025

[43] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-9-2025; https://en.yna dot co.kr/view/AEN20250209000700315?section=nk/nk

[44] https://t.me/creamy_caprice/8966; https://t.me/ssternenko/42727

[45] https://t.me/tass_agency/311512; https://t.me/motopatriot78/34578; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/90380; https://t.me/boris_rozhin/162153; https://t.me/dva_majors/69578; https://t.me/rybar/69817; https://t.me/notes_veterans/23009

[46] https://t.me/RVvoenkor/90380; https://t.me/wargonzo/26068; https://t.me/sashakots/53237

[47] https://t.me/rybar/69817

[48] https://t.me/tass_agency/311525; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/27343; https://t.me/milinfolive/146627; https://t.me/russian_airborne/9831

[49] https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/27338

[50] https://t.me/dva_majors/69627; https://t.me/dva_majors/69627

[51] https://t.me/wargonzo/26068

[52] https://t.me/dva_majors/69573; https://t.me/yurasumy/22540; https://t.me/wargonzo/26068

[53] https://t.me/RVvoenkor/90398

[54] https://t.me/RVvoenkor/90355; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/90385; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/90398

[55] https://t.me/dva_majors/69569

[56] https://t.me/akovalenko1989/9139

[57] https://t.me/exilenova_plus/7397

[58] https://t.me/avdeev_o_vazhnom/6731

[59] https://t.me/mod_russia/51618

[60] https://t.me/milinfolive/146672

[61] https://t.me/rybar/69818

[62] https://t.me/yurasumy/22540

[63] https://t.me/rybar/69817

[64] https://t.me/rybar/69817

[65] https://t.me/RVvoenkor/90357; https://t.me/RKadyrov_95/5670

[66] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389; https://t.me/tass_agency/311510; https://armyinform.com dot ua/2025/04/22/nyshhymo-vse-shho-vorushytsya-poblyzu-vovchanska-pislya-peremyrya-vidnovylasya-aktyvnist-voroga/

[67] https://armyinform.com dot ua/2025/04/22/nyshhymo-vse-shho-vorushytsya-poblyzu-vovchanska-pislya-peremyrya-vidnovylasya-aktyvnist-voroga/

[68] https://t.me/yurasumy/22542

[69] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389; https://t.me/Khortytsky_wind/8488; https://t.me/yurasumy/22542

[70] https://t.me/dva_majors/69579

[71] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23368; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23365; https://t.me/Khortytsky_wind/8488; https://t.me/yurasumy/22543

[72] https://t.me/rybar/69808

[73] https://t.me/rybar/69808; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/63669; https://t.me/yurasumy/22542

[74] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23368; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23365; https://t.me/Khortytsky_wind/8488; https://t.me/yurasumy/22543; https://t.me/rybar/69808; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/63669

[75] https://armyinform.com dot ua/2025/04/22/yak-tilky-kareta-peretvorylasya-na-garbuz-pislya-zakinchennya-peremyrya-rosiyany-pishly-v-masovanyj-shturm/

[76] https://t.me/dva_majors/69611

[77] https://t.me/yurasumy/22544; https://t.me/motopatriot78/34589

[78] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23368; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23365; https://t.me/Khortytsky_wind/8488

[79] https://t.me/motopatriot78/34589

[80] https://t.me/yurasumy/22544; https://t.me/motopatriot78/34589; https://t.me/motopatriot78/34566

[81] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23368; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23365; https://t.me/Khortytsky_wind/8488

[82] https://armyinform.com dot ua/2025/04/21/peremiriye-zakinchylosya-smerchem-rosiyany-obstrilyaly-kostyantynivku-opivnochi/

[83] https://t.me/motopatriot78/34566; https://t.me/mod_russia/51574

[84] https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/27338

[85] https://t.me/boris_rozhin/162154

[86] https://x.com/AudaxonX/status/1914584545770287612; https://t.me/Khyzhak_brigade/1017

[87] https://t.me/mod_russia/51600; https://t.me/mod_russia/51601; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/90386; https://t.me/vrogov/19989; https://t.me/boris_rozhin/162178; https://t.me/motopatriot78/34593; https://t.me/sashakots/53228; https://t.me/z_arhiv/31385

[88] https://t.me/yurasumy/22546; https://t.me/yurasumy/22547; https://t.me/z_arhiv/31385

[89] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23368; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23365; https://t.me/Khortytsky_wind/8488; https://t.me/dva_majors/69573; https://t.me/wargonzo/26068; https://t.me/yurasumy/22547

[90] https://t.me/ombr_28/2063 ; https://x.com/666_mancer/status/1914409150710243807

[91] https://t.me/motopatriot78/34595

[92] https://t.me/yurasumy/22546

[93] https://t.me/z_arhiv/31385

[94] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389 ; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23368 ; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23365; https://t.me/Khortytsky_wind/8488 ; https://t.me/yurasumy/22548 ; https://t.me/dva_majors/69573 ; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/63673 ; https://t.me/wargonzo/26068

[95] https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/63673 ; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/27321 ; https://t.me/wargonzo/26068

[96] https://armyinform.com dot ua/2025/04/22/poblyzu-pokrovska-berut-u-polon-shturmovykiv-najmancziv-z-novenkymy-rosijskymy-pasportamy/

[97] https://t.me/dva_majors/69625

[98] https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/27321 ; https://t.me/nm_dnr/13711

[99] https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/63670

[100] https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/63670 ; https://t.me/yurasumy/22549

[101] https://t.me/dva_majors/69573 ; https://t.me/motopatriot78/34600 ; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/63670 ; https://t.me/RVvoenkor/90359 ; https://t.me/yurasumy/22549

[102] https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/27321 ; https://t.me/voenkorKotenok/63670

[103] https://t.me/mod_russia/51598

[104] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-april-17-2025 ; https://t.me/mod_russia/51598

[105] https://t.me/motopatriot78/34588

[106] https://t.me/voin_dv/14553 ; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389 ; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23368 ; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23365 ; https://t.me/Khortytsky_wind/8488

[107] https://t.me/dva_majors/69573

[108] https://t.me/voin_dv/14537 ; https://t.me/voin_dv/14541

[109] https://t.me/voin_dv/14542

[110] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389 ; https://t.me/motopatriot78/34608 ; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23368 ; https://www.facebook.com/OperationalCommandSouth/posts/pfbid0DX9ATmNenjSwJT93uP4DrX3eKXeepUQNGEyGCysuAdgFoUhGcdavchpxCcttY8Phl ; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23365

[111] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23389; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23368 ; https://www.facebook.com/OperationalCommandSouth/posts/pfbid0DX9ATmNenjSwJT93uP4DrX3eKXeepUQNGEyGCysuAdgFoUhGcdavchpxCcttY8Phl; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23365; https://t.me/DnevnikDesantnika/27325; https://t.me/wargonzo/26068; https://t.me/motopatriot78/34590

[112] https://armyinform.com dot ua/2025/04/22/mayut-robyty-glybynni-proryvy-na-orihivskomu-napryamku-palyat-vazhku-tehniku-i-motoczykly/; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQXKuupuwIA; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-april-18-2025

[113] https://t.me/dva_majors/69639; https://t.me/ZS42MSD/2768; https://t.me/mod_russia/51574; https://t.me/ZS42MSD/2748

[114] https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23368 ; https://www.facebook.com/OperationalCommandSouth/posts/pfbid0DX9ATmNenjSwJT93uP4DrX3eKXeepUQNGEyGCysuAdgFoUhGcdavchpxCcttY8Phl; https://t.me/GeneralStaffZSU/23365

[115] https://t.me/kpszsu/32967

[116] https://t.me/odeskaODA/9418 ; https://t.me/bbcrussian/79273; https://t.me/kpszsu/32967; https://t.me/odeskaODA/9417 ; https://t.me/truonline/5286 ; https://t.me/bbcrussian/79272; https://t.me/V_Zelenskiy_official/13929 ; https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa/status/1914667918882750841

[117] https://t.me/kpszsu/32987

[118] https://t.me/kpszsu/32987; https://t.me/synegubov/13963; https://t.me/synegubov/13961; https://t.me/synegubov/13958; https://t.me/synegubov/13957; https://t.me/synegubov/13963; https://t.me/synegubov/13961; https://t.me/synegubov/13958; https://t.me/synegubov/13957; https://t.me/V_Zelenskiy_official/13929 ; https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa/status/1914667918882750841

[119] https://t.me/kpszsu/32987; https://t.me/ivan_fedorov_zp/18542; https://t.me/ivan_fedorov_zp/18563; https://t.me/ivan_fedorov_zp/18557; https://t.me/ivan_fedorov_zp/18574; https://t.me/ivan_fedorov_zp/18555; https://t.me/ivan_fedorov_zp/18541; https://t.me/ivan_fedorov_zp/18536; https://t.me/ivan_fedorov_zp/18535 ; https://t.me/bbcrussian/79291 ; https://t.me/bbcrussian/79293