Annika Ganzeveld, Siddhant Kishore, Kelly Campa, Carolyn Moorman, Ben Rezaei, Katherine Wells, Johanna Moore, Ria Reddy, Alexandra Braverman, Davit Gasparyan, Victoria Penza, Avery Borens, and Brian Carter
Syrian Interim President Ahmed al Shara formed a preparatory committee on February 12 that is mostly comprised of pro-HTS individuals who are loyal to Shara.[1] The composition of this committee suggests that it will likely make decisions that align with Shara’s views and objectives. Shara announced on January 30 that he would form a preparatory committee to facilitate “deliberations” and “consultations” about the National Dialogue Conference.[2] The National Dialogue Conference will reportedly represent all segments of Syrian society and facilitate the drafting of a new Syrian constitution.[3] It is unclear what role the preparatory committee will play in organizing and overseeing the conference. Shara also stated on January 30 that the Syrian interim government would unveil a “Constitutional Declaration” after the formation of a preparatory committee.[4] The preparatory committee is comprised of five males and two females and does not appear to include representatives of the Alawite, Druze, Kurdish, and Shia communities. The committee includes the following individuals:
- Yousef al Hajer: Hajer is from al Shuhail, Deir ez Zor Province, which was a Jabhat al Nusra stronghold until ISIS declared the formation of a caliphate in June 2014.[5] Hajar was injured in an April 2024 attack that targeted Abu Maria al Qahtani, one of the founders of Jabhat al Nusra.[6] Hajer previously served as the head of the HTS Political Bureau and as a member of the HTS-controlled Syrian Salvation Government (SSG) Shura Council in northwestern Syria.[7]
- Hassan al Daghim: Daghim is Sunni and previously headed the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army’s (SNA) Moral Guidance Department.[8] Daghim and other SNA members met with Shara in late December 2024 to discuss the integration of armed groups into the new Syrian Defense Ministry.[9] Daghim stated on January 31 that the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) is “one of the Syrian components and cannot be distinguished from other [components].”[10] Daghim was previously a strong critic of Shara but reconciled with Shara in 2024.[11]
- Hind Qabawat: Qabawat is a Christian who has spent years promoting interfaith tolerance, women’s rights, and conflict resolution in Syria.[12] Qabawat serves as the director of interfaith peacebuilding at George Mason University’s Center for World Religions, Diplomacy, and Conflict Resolution. Qabawat is also a member of the High Negotiations Committee for Syria in Geneva. Qabawat founded the Syrian Center for Dialogue, Peace, and Reconciliation in Toronto.
- Maher Alloush: Alloush is Sunni and close to Ahrar al Sham, which is an Islamist opposition group that has been close to HTS and its predecessor organizations since the mid-2010s.[13] Alloush previously mediated an internal dispute in Ahrar al Sham that resulted in the appointment of Abu Obeida as leader of Ahram al Sham in January 2019.[14] Alloush met with Shara in December 2024.[15]
- Mustafa Musa: Musa is a member of HTS and served as the head of the SSG Shura Council from April 2020 until the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024.[16] Musa, who is a trained pharmacist, also previously headed the SSG Shura Council health committee.[17]
- Mohammad Mastat: Mastat previously served as the director of primary healthcare in the SSG Health Ministry.[18] Mastat is affiliated with Faylaq al Sham, which is a Muslim Brotherhood-influenced Islamist militia that has been a longtime HTS partner.[19]
- Huda al Attasi: Attasi is a Turkish citizen and is the co-founder and director of International Humanitarian Relief.[20] Attasi has spent years helping Syrian women, orphans, and displaced individuals. Attasi is a founding member of the Syrian Association for Citizens’ Dignity, which advocates for the rights of displaced Syrians.[21]
Key Takeaways:
- Syrian Transition: Syrian Interim President Ahmed al Shara formed a preparatory committee on February 12 that is mostly comprised of pro-HTS individuals who are loyal to Shara. The composition of this committee suggests that it will likely make decisions that align with Shara’s views and objectives.
- Syrian Defense Ministry: The Syrian interim government has continued to attempt to consolidate its control over groups in southern Syria that have not yet joined the Defense Ministry. The HTS-led Department of Military Operations also deployed to western Suwayda Province for the first time on February 12.
- Syria-Russia Relations: Syrian Interim President Ahmed al Shara held his first official call with Russian President Vladimir Putin on February 12, suggesting that Syria seeks to maintain a future relationship with Russia even as Russia withdraws its military assets from Syria.
- Gaza Strip: Egyptian state media reported on February 12 that mediators from Egypt and Qatar are “intensifying” diplomatic efforts to prevent the breakdown of the Israel-Hamas ceasefire agreement.
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) executive committee member Murat Karayilan said that the PKK must hold a conference to discuss disarmament before imprisoned PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan can call on the PKK to disarm.[45] Ocalan is expected to make an imminent “historic” call for the PKK to disarm on February 15.[46] Karayilan’s statement conflicts with Turkey’s theory that Ocalan will call for disarmament on February 15 and that the call will pressure the SDF to integrate into the Syrian Defense Ministry. CTP-ISW assessed on January 28 that the SDF is unlikely to willingly give up its ability to defend Kurdish areas against active Turkish-backed military attacks, regardless of Ocalan’s position.[47]
Turkey continued to target SDF positions along the western bank of the Euphrates River on February 12.[48] Turkish aircraft struck several SDF positions along the western bank of the Euphrates River on February 12.[49] Turkish aircraft also struck SDF positions near the Qara Qozak Bridge and Tishreen Dam, likely to isolate SDF units operating at the bridgehead.[50]
Anti-SDF media reported that Turkey and the SNA continued to target SDF positions with airstrikes and rockets along the Peace Spring frontlines.[51] Turkish aircraft struck a reported SDF position at a power station near Ain Issa on February 12.[52] The SNA also fired rockets targeting SDF positions west of Tal Abyad on February 12.[53]
ISIS fighters may have attacked an SDF-affiliated municipality center near al Karamah, Raqqa Province, on February 11.[54] The SDF deployed forces to the area following the attack.[55] This is the third time that unspecified individuals attacked SDF positions in al Karamah since February 7.[56] ISIS has long had a presence around Al Karamah. The SDF arrested an ISIS smuggler in al Karamah in November 2023, for example.[57]
Iraq
Axis of Resistance objectives:
- Strengthen Iranian and Axis of Resistance influence over the Iraqi state and society
- Harden the Iraqi government against internal dissent
Arabian Peninsula
Axis of Resistance objectives:
- Harden the Houthi regime against internal dissent in Houthi-controlled areas
- Destroy the anti-Houthi opposition in order to control all of Yemen
- Erode Israeli will to continue the war in the Gaza Strip
The Palestinian Territories and Lebanon
Axis of Resistance objectives:
- Erode the will of the Israeli political establishment and public to sustain clearing operations in the Gaza Strip
- Reestablish Hamas as the governing authority in the Gaza Strip
- Rebuild and reestablish Hezbollah in southern Lebanon
- Establish the West Bank as a viable front against Israel
Lebanon
[1] https://t.me/G_CSyriaa/494
[2] https://t.me/SyrianArabNewsAgency/122251
[3] https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/syria/2024/12/29/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%82-4-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA- ;
https://www.aljazeera dot net/news/2024/12/30/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1
[4] https://t.me/SyrianArabNewsAgency/122252
[5] https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/JN%20Final.pdf; https://x.com/CdricLabrousse/status/1889698791453843780
[6] https://mei.edu/publications/long-rise-and-sudden-death-jihadist-leader-abu-maria-al-qahtani
[7] https://www.aljazeera dot net/news/2025/2/12/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9; https://x.com/CdricLabrousse/status/1889693212916457517 ; https://x.com/MohammedHawaidi/status/1889635861630799900; https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/197-the-best-of-bad-options%20.pdf
[8] https://english dot enabbaladi.net/archives/2022/09/two-movements-in-national-army-consensus-only-in-statements-eyes-on-tahrir-al-sham/
[9] https://mustakbalsuria dot com/?p=11924
[10] https://x.com/AlMayadeenNews/status/1885445974174138559
[11] https://x.com/WaelEssam77/status/1865489796929327487 ;
https://x.com/OmerOzkizilcik/status/1889646091764736435 ;
https://x.com/OAjjoub/status/1889631547294150787
[12] https://crdc.gmu.edu/hind-kabawat/ ;
https://www.mei.edu/profile/hind-kabawat ;
https://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA00/20150513/103454/HHRG-114-FA00-Bio-KabawatH-20150513.pdf
[13] https://x.com/maherallosh/status/632400763889786880 ;
https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_IslamicAllianceEmerges_11Oct.pdf ;
https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Syrian%20Opposition%20Guide_0.pdf
[14] https://www.syria dot tv/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85
[15] https://x.com/maherallosh/status/1873352127956803986
[16] https://syrianobserver dot com/foreign-actors/salvation-government-elects-new-shura-council-president.html ;
https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84/
[17] https://www.enabbaladi.net/739082/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%80%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7/#
[18] https://www.alquds.co dot uk/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84/
[19] https://www.alquds.co dot uk/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84/ ;
https://x.com/SY_plus/status/1889643544052162982 ;
https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Backgrounder_IslamicAllianceEmerges_11Oct.pdf ;
https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Syrian%20Opposition%20Guide_0.pdf
[20] https://lb.linkedin.com/in/huda-atassi ;
https://x.com/mohammadakta/status/1889670504942104764
[21] https://x.com/SyrianACD ;
https://x.com/HoudaAtassi
[22] https://x.com/Daraa24_24/status/1889616857549906277; https://x.com/Daraa24_24/status/1889637595136577834
[23] https://www.enabbaladi dot net/637198/%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4-%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85/
[24] https://www.enabbaladi dot net/738752/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2/
[25] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/02/06/syria-defense-minister-russia-bases/
[26] https://www.facebook.com/daraa24.24/videos/8768074253296461/?rdid=vhi4MSfEkPKGoq9N#; https://www.enabbaladi dot net/738752/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2/
[27] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1889625860702900324; https://x.com/suwayda24/status/1889630059318649280; https://x.com/suwayda24/status/1889675759951720768
[28] https://x.com/suwayda24/status/1889770226755182802
[29] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1889625860702900324
[30] https://www.wsj.com/opinion/syria-has-a-new-governmentor-does-it-al-sharaa-hts-islamist-0f938cc5?mod=opinion_lead_pos12
[31] https://x.com/suwayda24/status/1886768092673347951 ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GvONDElz7c
[32] http://kremlin dot ru/events/president/news/76258; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-january-29-2025
[33] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-january-29-2025
[34] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-receiving-positive-messages-russia-iran-foreign-minister-says-2025-02-12/ ; https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/02/06/syria-defense-minister-russia-bases/
[35] https://t.me/G_CSyriaa/497 ; https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/02/06/syria-defense-minister-russia-bases/
[36] https://t.me/G_CSyriaa/497; www dot tass dot com/politics/1911303; https://t.me/damascusv011/28670
[37] https://alqaheranews dot net/news/116854/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9
[38] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/egypt-qatar-intensify-efforts-save-gaza-ceasefire-egypt-tv-says-2025-02-12/
[39] https://x.com/IsraeliPM/status/1889377668677718474
[40] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/senior-arab-officials-warn-that-trump-gaza-plan-would-inflame-middle-east-2025-02-12/ ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-11-2025
[41] https://www.timesofisrael dot com/liveblog_entry/report-israel-will-adhere-to-ceasefire-if-hamas-releases-sixth-round-of-hostages-saturday/ ; https://x.com/BarakRavid/status/1889735087840751997
[42] https://x.com/KingAbdullahII/status/1889396977064145105 ; https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/trump-wants-jordans-help-with-gaza-its-king-is-looking-for-a-way-to-say-no-0958ad69?mod=middle-east_news_article_pos2
[43] https://x.com/KingAbdullahII/status/1889396977064145105
[44] https://x.com/MfaEgypt/status/1889447692553633962 ; https://x.com/ForeignMinistry/status/1889449832873378272 ; https://x.com/ForeignMinistry/status/1889412876726899157
[45] https://x.com/DeirEzzore/status/1889582778678698432
[46] https://isw.pub/IranUpdate012825
[47] https://isw.pub/IranUpdate012825
[48] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-11-2025; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-10-2025
[49] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/135706; https://t.me/HalabTodayTV/119964
[50] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/135711; https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1889658404391563533
[51] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1889748414688067591; https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1889676439269621949; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-10-2025
[52] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1889676439269621949
[53] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1889748414688067591
[54] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1889389056393404714
[55] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1889400589676663158
[56] https://t.me/nahermedia/44779;https://x.com/SOHEB2019/status/1887915202982588532
[57] https://baladi-news dot com/ar/articles/99232; https://x.com/nahermedia/status/1727775031579586988?s=20; https://x.com/nahermedia/status/1727775031579586988?s=20
[58] https://x.com/DeirEzzore/status/1889656441620828458
[59] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/135186 ; https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/135181 ; https://x.com/EuphratesPost/status/1887441282697425204 ; https://t.me/nahermedia/44664 ; https://x.com/NPA_English/status/1887498708771590349 ; https://x.com/Military_OSTX/status/1887452402930098337
[60] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/turkish-military-and-allied-rebels-in-total-control-of-syrias-afrin-erdogan/2018/03/18/875e6b29-5a4b-439d-9b99-a92ad82264dc_story.html
[61] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-6-2025
[62] https://t.me/damascusv011/28709 ; https://t.me/HalabTodayTV/119958
[63] https://t.me/damascusv011/28737
[64] https://t.me/G_CSyriaa/492 ; https://www.newarab dot com/news/syrias-temp-government-forms-national-dialogue-committee
[65] https://x.com/ragipsoylu/status/1889424468633612384
[66] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-opposition-leader-says-lebanon-truce-opened-door-aleppo-assault-2024-12-02/
[67] https://www.middleeastmonitor dot com/20241218-syrian-coalition-calls-for-comprehensive-non-sectarian-transitional-government/
[68] https://www.newarab dot com/news/syrias-temp-government-forms-national-dialogue-committee
[69] https://aljeebal dot com/posts/3603 ; https://x.com/Omdoha15/status/1889755051549196410 ; https://x.com/DeirEzzore/status/1889658698311627110
[70] https://x.com/DeirEzzore/status/1889658698311627110 ; https://x.com/AlArabiya_Iraq/status/1889615460045303850
[71] https://euaa.europa dot eu/country-guidance-iraq-2022/12-popular-mobilisation-forces-and-tribal-mobilisation-militias
[72] https://eyeofeuphrates dot com/ar/news/2024/06/09/11395
[73] https://alfasselnews dot com/en_GB/articles/gc1/features/2024/02/14/feature-01 ; https://en.majalla dot com/node/322827/business-economy/how-iraq-became-key-conduit-global-drug-trade
[74] https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02pP215FD7RpBmMFFSVhzEvmA3NEsGvoZuwqyz4bpe6LMGbLb77wJxfNsLCz75T4Enl&id=100000612691633&rdid=RUqTp7ZBSJypCPdr ;
https://www.reuters.com/world/crew-abandon-hk-flagged-container-ship-red-sea-after-fire-sources-say-2025-01-28/
[75] https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02pP215FD7RpBmMFFSVhzEvmA3NEsGvoZuwqyz4bpe6LMGbLb77wJxfNsLCz75T4Enl&id=100000612691633&rdid=RUqTp7ZBSJypCPdr
[76] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/ship-fire-red-sea-not-linked-houthi-attacks-maritime-center-says-2025-01-29/
[77] https://www.ukmto.org/-/media/ukmto/products/jmic-week-06-dashboard-02---08-feb-2025.pdf?rev=deb327b4d39344cd9868528ad92c1381
[78] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-november-4-2024
[79] https://t.me/bintjbeilnews/129579 ; https://www dot nna-leb dot gov dot lb/en/justice-law/758535/israeli-enemy-burns-houses-in-south-lebanon-s-mark ; https://t.me/channelnabatieh/113902 ; https://www.nna-leb dot gov dot lb/en/justice-law/758736/israeli-enemy-burns-homes-conducts-explosions-in-s ; https://www.nna-leb dot gov dot lb/en/justice-law/758775/israeli-forces-open-fire-near-bint-jbeil-detonate ; https://t.me/bintjbeilnews/129626
[80] https://t.me/bintjbeilnews/129613
[81] https://t.me/bintjbeilnews/129635
[82] https://x.com/amirbarshalom/status/1889582915845013871
[83] https://www.axios.com/2025/01/26/israel-lebanon-ceasefire-extended-trump-white-house
[84] https://x.com/GLZRadio/status/1889676719855944080
[85] https://www.idf dot il/en/mini-sites/regional-commands/northern-command/northern-command/
[86] https://x.com/AvichayAdraee/status/1889704056140009547
[87] https://x.com/idfonline/status/1889648190137221164
[88] https://x.com/idfonline/status/1889648200014803279
[89] https://x.com/idfonline/status/1889648204553023858
[90] https://t.me/sarayajneen/2096 ; https://t.me/sarayatulkarm/982 ; https://t.me/sarayatulkarm/983 ; https://t.me/sarayatulkarm/984 ; https://t.me/sarayatulkarm/987 ; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/827
[91] https://t.me/sarayatulkarm/981 ; https://t.me/sarayatulkarm/988 ; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/8268
[92] https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-january-22-2025
[93] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-sanctions-strand-iran-russia-oil-tankers-driving-up-crude-costs-2025-02-12/ ; https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2758; https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20241203; https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2644
[94] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-sanctions-strand-iran-russia-oil-tankers-driving-up-crude-costs-2025-02-12/
[95] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chinas-shandong-port-group-blacklists-us-sanctioned-oil-vessels-say-traders-2025-01-07/; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-13-2024; https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2024-iran-south-china-sea-oil-trade/
[96] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-sanctions-strand-iran-russia-oil-tankers-driving-up-crude-costs-2025-02-12/; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-4-2025
[97] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chinas-cheap-iranian-oil-supply-risk-tighter-trump-sanctions-2024-11-06/
[98] https://www.iranintl.com/en/202502117959 ;
https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-february-7-2025
[99] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/news/1403/11/24/3256809
[100] https://www.leader dot ir/fa/content/27980
[101] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/consequences-idf-strikes-iran