Ashka Jhaveri, Alexandra Braverman, Johanna Moore, Amin Soltani, Peter Mills, Kathryn Tyson, and Brian Carter
Information Cutoff: 2:00 pm ET
The
Iran Update provides insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored
activities abroad that undermine regional stability and threaten US
forces and interests. It also covers events and trends that affect the
stability and decision-making of the Iranian regime. The Critical
Threats Project (CTP) at the American Enterprise Institute and the
Institute for the Study of War (ISW) provides these updates regularly
based on regional events. For more on developments in Iran and the
region, see our interactive map of Iran and the Middle East.
Note:
CTP and ISW have refocused the update to cover the Israel-Hamas war.
The new sections address developments in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank,
Lebanon, and Syria, as well as noteworthy activity from Iran’s Axis of
Resistance. We do not report in detail on war crimes because these
activities are well-covered in Western media and do not directly affect
the military operations we are assessing and forecasting. We utterly
condemn violations of the laws of armed conflict and the Geneva
Conventions and crimes against humanity even though we do not describe
them in these reports.
Click here
to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of Israeli ground operations. This
map is updated daily alongside the static maps present in this report.
Click here to subscribe to the Iran Update.
US
Central Command (CENTCOM) killed a senior Kataib Hezbollah commander on
February 7 who planned and participated in attacks targeting US forces
in the region.[1] CENTCOM
said the strike was in response to the Islamic Resistance in Iraq’s
drone attack on January 28 that killed three US servicemembers in
Jordan.[2] Local Iraqi media reported that the US airstrike hit a vehicle and killed three of its occupants in Mashtal, eastern Baghdad.[3] Two Kataib Hezbollah commanders, Wissam Mohammed Saber al Saadi and Arkan Aleaoui, were in the vehicle.[4]
The Associated Press cited ”two officials with Iranian-backed militias
in Iraq” who claimed that Saadi oversaw KH operations in Syria.[5] An Iraqi journalist identified Aleaoui as a KH field commander.[6]
Harakat Hezbollah al Nujaba said on February 7 that it will retaliate
for the US strike in Baghdad if the Iraqi government does not
immediately remove US forces from Iraq.[7]
Iraqis
demonstrated outside the US Embassy in Baghdad following Iranian-backed
social media calls to storm the embassy on social media.[8]
Pro-Iranian-backed Iraqi militia social media channels issued calls
after the US drone strike for demonstrators to gather in Jadiriyah and
march towards the embassy.[9]
Sudani
said that the Iraqi Federal government has not had direct contact with
the United States since the US airstrikes in Iraq on February 1.[10]
Sudani also said that the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) will be
involved in future bilateral negotiations on the status of US and
International Coalition forces in Iraq. It is unclear what role the KRG
will play in the bilateral negotiations.
The
Microsoft Threat Analysis Center reported that Iran accelerated its
cyberattacks and influence operations after October 7 to support Hamas
and weaken Israel and its allies and business partners.[11] Microsoft
assessed that Iran’s operations immediately after October 7 were “hasty
and chaotic,” but that these efforts have “achieved growing success.”[12]
Microsoft said that traffic to Iranian state media websites increased
42 percent between October 7 and October 14 and that the traffic “was
still 28 percent above pre-war levels” in early November.[13]
Microsoft said that the “hasty and chaotic” operations targeting Israel
shifted to an “all hands on attack threat environment” in late October.[14]
It reported that the cyberattacks were increasingly “destructive” and
Iran began employing “networks of social media ‘sockpuppet’ accounts.”[15]
Microsoft also said that Iran gradually expanded its operation to
target countries other than Israel, including Albania, Bahrain, and the
United States.[16]
Iran also used artificial intelligence for the first time in a cyber or
influence operation to replace ”streaming television services...with a
fake news video featuring an apparently AI-generated news anchor.”[17] This AI-enabled operation targeted audiences in Canada, the UAE, and the United Kingdom.[18]
Israel rejected a Hamas three-stage proposal for a ceasefire on February 7.[19] Hamas’
proposed the February 7 deal after Egypt, the United States, and Israel
proposed a separate three-stage agreement on January 31 after talks in
Paris.[20] The January 31 Paris proposal did not include an end to the war.[21]
Hamas offered a three-stage ceasefire deal that would release all
Israeli hostages over a four-month period in exchange for the complete
withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip and discussions on the
end of the war.[22]
Each phase would last 45 days. The deal includes a “comprehensive
reconstruction” of the Gaza Strip. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu rejected the Hamas counterproposal in a national address, but
he did not rule out the possibility of further negotiations.[23]
Israeli
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced on February 7 that the IDF
would prepare to operate in Rafah in the southern Gaza Strip.[24] Israeli officials have said repeatedly that the IDF will clear Rafah.[25] Netanyahu’s announcement follows weeks of talks between Israel and Egypt discussing an Israeli operation into Rafah.[26] The Israel-Hamas war has displaced over 50 percent of the Gaza Strip’s two million residents to Rafah.[27] Egypt is concerned that an Israeli military operation in Rafah could force displaced Gazans to flee into the Sinai Peninsula.[28]
Western media reported on February 6 that unspecified Egyptian
officials said that Israel told Cairo in private that the IDF would
allow people in Rafah to evacuate north before beginning operations in
Rafah.[29]
US
Secretary of State Antony Blinken met with Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu and other senior Israeli officials on February 7 to
discuss negotiations to reach a ceasefire that would release remaining
hostages in the Gaza Strip and allow more aid to reach Palestinians.[30]
Israeli officials told CNN that the IDF briefed Blinken on the upcoming
expansion of Israeli ground operations and that Blinken raised concerns
regarding the densely populated area, particularly related to the
measures the IDF would take to mitigate harm to civilians.[31]
Key Takeaways:
- Iraq: US Central Command (CENTCOM) killed a senior Kataib Hezbollah commander responsible for Syria on February 7 who planned and participated in attacks targeting US forces in the region. The strike also killed a Kataib Hezbollah field commander.
- Iraqis demonstrated outside the US Embassy in Baghdad following Iranian-backed social media calls to storm the embassy on social media.
- Iran: The Microsoft Threat Analysis Center reported that Iran accelerated its cyberattacks and influence operations after October 7 to support Hamas and weaken Israel and its allies and business partners.
- Negotiations: Israel rejected a Hamas three-stage proposal for a ceasefire on February 7.
- Hamas offered a three-stage ceasefire deal that would release all Israeli hostages over a four-month period in exchange for the complete withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip and discussions on the end of the war.[32] Each phase would last 45 days.
- Southern Gaza Strip: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced on February 7 that the IDF would prepare to operate in Rafah in the southern Gaza Strip.
- Israeli
officials told CNN that the IDF briefed US Secretary of State Antony
Blinken on the upcoming expansion of Israeli ground operations and that
Blinken raised concerns regarding the densely populated area,
particularly related to the measures the IDF would take to mitigate harm
to civilians.
Gaza Strip
Axis of Resistance campaign objectives:
- Erode the will of the Israeli political establishment and public to launch and sustain a major ground operation into the Gaza Strip
- Degrade IDF material and morale around the Gaza Strip.
Palestinian fighters continued to infiltrate western Gaza City, where they are attacking Israeli forces. The
Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Chief of Staff Herzi Halevi met with
division commanders in the northern Gaza Strip on February 6.[33]
Halevi said that Israeli forces in the northern Gaza Strip are killing
Palestinian fighters, commanders, and destroying infrastructure.
Palestinian militias claimed most of their attacks in the Gaza Strip on
February 7 in western Gaza City.[34]
The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) launched one-way attack drones
targeting Israeli forces western Gaza City in one such attack.[35]
A Palestinian activist reported clashes between Palestinian fighters
and Israeli forces in several neighborhoods of western Gaza City,
including al Shati Camp, Sheikh Ijlin, and Tal al Hawa.[36]
Israeli
media reported on February 7 that Israeli forces located a large Hamas
underground tunnel underneath a UN Relief and Works Agency for
Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) headquarters in Rimal
neighborhood, Gaza City.[37]
The IDF 98th Division located two interconnected tunnel complexes in Khan Younis that Hamas used to hold hostages.[38] The
IDF reported that senior Hamas officials used the complex before Hamas
repurposed it to hold hostages. Israeli forces clashed with Palestinian
fighters in the tunnels and found a cell for holding hostages. The
tunnel system is under central Khan Younis City. The IDF estimates that
Hamas invested millions of shekels into its construction.
Israeli forces continued to conduct clearing operations in Khan Younis on February 7. The
35th Paratroopers Brigade and the 89th Commando Brigade (both assigned
to the 98th Division) clashed with Palestinian fighters in western Khan
Younis and raided military infrastructure.[39]
The IDF reported that the 646th Brigade (assigned to the 99th Division)
redeployed to Khan Younis after the brigade conducted clearing
operations in the central Gaza Strip.[40] Hamas and several Palestinian militias allied with Hamas attempted to disrupt Israeli operations in Khan Younis.[41]
The militia fighters targeted Israeli forces with small arms,
rocket-propelled grenades (RPG), thermobaric rockets, and unspecified
explosive devices.[42]
Saudi
Arabia told the United States that it will not normalize relations with
Israel “unless an independent Palestinian state is recognized.”[43] The
Saudi Arabian Foreign Ministry called on permanent members of the UN
Security Council to recognize a Palestinian state ”on the 1967 borders
with East Jerusalem as its capital.“ US Secretary of State Antony
Blinken said on January 10 that normalization between Saudi Arabia and
Israel is still possible.[44]
The IDF published details of a law that would increase the amount of time conscripts and reservists serve in the military.[45] The
law will increase the age at which reservists become exempt from
reserve duty. The IDF will also call upon reservists more frequently
and increase regular service to three years. Israeli Army Radio reported
on February 7 that due to ”the war and the large number of
casualties...the number of combat forces in the IDF“ declined.[46]
The IDF published on January 15 that 188 Israeli troops have died in
the ground offensive and that 1,113 IDF soldiers have sustained
injuries.[47]
Palestinian militias did not conduct indirect fire attacks from the Gaza Strip into southern Israel on February 7.
West Bank
Axis of Resistance campaign objectives:
- Draw IDF assets and resources toward the West Bank and fix them there
Israeli forces clashed with Palestinian fighters in 10 locations across the West Bank on February 7.[48] Israeli forces conducted raids in the Noor Shams and Jenin refugee camps.[49] The IDF detained 21 wanted individuals across the West Bank.[50]
This map is not an exhaustive depiction of clashes and demonstrations in the West Bank.
Southern Lebanon and Golan Heights
Axis of Resistance campaign objectives:
- Draw IDF assets and resources toward northern Israel and fix them there
- Set conditions for successive campaigns into northern Israel
Iranian-backed
militias, including Lebanese Hezbollah, conducted four attacks from
southern Lebanon into northern Israel on February 7.[51]
Recorded reports of attacks; CTP-ISW cannot independently verify impact.
Iran and Axis of Resistance
Axis of Resistance campaign objectives:
- Demonstrate the capability and willingness of Iran and the Axis of Resistance to escalate against the United States and Israel on multiple fronts
- Set conditions to fight a regional war on multiple fronts
The Jordanian Armed Forces clashed with Iranian-backed drug smugglers on the Jordan-Syria border on February 7.[52] Western media reported that the Jordanian armed forces killed three of the smugglers.[53] Local Syrian media said that the smugglers belonged to Lebanese Hezbollah.[54]
This
clash is part of increasing Jordanian operations against smuggling
networks in southwestern Syria. Jordanian forces have clashed with
Iranian-backed smugglers along the Jordan-Syria border three other times
since December 2023, including once on February 5.[55]
The Jordanian Royal Air Force has also struck Iranian-backed drug
smugglers three times since December 2023. Western media reported in
January that Western and Jordanian officials said that Lebanese
Hezbollah and other Iranian-backed groups are driving the increase in
drug smuggling into Jordan.[56]
The Syrian regime, Lebanese Hezbollah, and other Iranian-backed
militias mass produce Captagon in Syria and smuggle it through Jordan to
the Gulf Arab states. This smuggling and distribution cartel generates
billions of dollars in revenue for Iran and its Axis of Resistance.[57]
Raisi administration officials held several meetings with Sudanese Armed Forces-affiliated Foreign Affairs Minister Ali al Sadiq Ali to discuss Israel and bilateral relations. Ali claimed that Israel is driving the continuation of the Sudanese civil war in retaliation for Sudan’s support of the Palestinian people in a meeting with Iranian Foreign Affairs Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian.[58] Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi said that isolating Israel is one of Iran’s ”basic policies” and added that he supported the establishment of a strong government in Sudan.[59] Iranian Foreign Affairs Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian separately expressed his desire to resume full diplomatic relations between Sudan and Iran.[60] Iran and Sudan maintained a strong relationship from the 1980s until the mid-2010s, when Sudan began improving its relationship with Saudi Arabia.[61]
Iran likely seeks to increase economic investment in Sudan to generate revenue for the Iranian economy, including by selling Sudan combat drones. Western media reported on January 24 that Iran had supplied the Sudanese Armed Forces with combat drones.[62] French media previously reported on January 23, 2023 that Iran had likely supplied Sudan with Mohajer-6 drones as early as 2019.[63] The IRGC and regime-affiliated outlets have repeatedly encouraged increased investment in Africa to obtain gold payments that Iran can use to evade sanctions.[64] Iranian economic investment in Africa has increased during the Raisi administration.[65] CTP-ISW previously assessed in June 2023 that Iran’s increased economic investment in Africa is part of the Raisi’s effort to generate revenue through economic trade with non-Western countries.[66]
Iranian
Interior Minister Ahmad Vahidi discussed the Israel-Hamas war during a
meeting with Iraqi Interior Minister Abdul Amir al Shammari on February
7.[67] Vahidi thanked
the Iraqi government for supporting the Palestinian people. Vahidi said
that Iraq ”took good positions” in the United Nations Security Council
by condemning the February 2 US strikes that targeted Iranian-backed
militia positions in Iraq and Syria.[68]
Iranian
media reported that Iranian security forces arrested several
unspecified individuals across Iran for espionage and terrorism
“directed by a center in Azerbaijan.” Iranian media reported that the suspects were planning to conduct “sabotage operations” in Iran.[69]
The Iranian Intelligence Ministry said on February 2 that it identified
”a significant number of [Israeli] spies and terrorists” working in
Iran.[70]
Iran frequently arrests individuals in Iran‘s East Azerbaijan and West
Azerbaijan provinces that it accuses of spying for Israel.[71]
An Artesh-controlled social media account warned that Iran would respond to any “terrorist action” targeting IRGC spy ship Behshad in the Red Sea.[72] The Behshad
assists Houthi attacks in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden by providing
the Houthis with real time intelligence on ships operating in the Red
Sea and the Gulf of Aden.[73] The Behshad held a position near the Dahlak archipelago in the Red Sea prior to entering the Gulf of Aden on January 11.[74] An online shipping tracker reported that Houthi attacks targeting ships in the Gulf of Aden increased after January 11.[75] The Behshad is currently anchored off the coast of Djibouti City.[76] Iran claims that the Behshad is participating in a counterpiracy mission in the Red Sea.[77] AP noted that Iran has not publicly participated in any recent operations countering Somali piracy.[78]
[1] https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1755335984093282723?s=20
[2] https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1755335984093282723?s=20 ; https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/02/06/drone-jordan-attack/
[3] https://shafaq dot com/ar/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%80%D9%86/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF
[4] https://twitter.com/Tammuz_Intel/status/1755305857275846966?s=20
[5] https://apnews.com/article/iraq-kataib-hezbollah-drone-strike-bddd82ed18dd94f53e81cbc71d25049a
[6] https://twitter.com/alihashem_tv/status/1755310554455879856
[7] https://twitter.com/oald24/status/1755349380507337099?s=46&t=Pd9EQ5ncm-TX8rDDEiGN2Q
[8] https://t.me/Kofia_News/48461 ; https://t.me/Kofia_News/48456 ; https://twitter.com/Tammuz_Intel/status/1755320908506378458?s=20 ; https://twitter.com/DD_Geopolitics/status/1755348397014606254 ; https://twitter.com/ChuckCallesto/status/1755343977249755250 ; https://twitter.com/Lastking1236/status/1755354265302839359
[9] https://t.me/Kofia_News/48461 ; https://t.me/Kofia_News/48456 ; https://twitter.com/Tammuz_Intel/status/1755320908506378458?s=20
[10] https://www.alarabiya dot net/arab-and-world/iraq/2024/02/06/رئيس-وزراء-العراق-لا-اتصالات-مع-أميركا-بعد-الهجوم-الأخير-
[11] https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2024/02/06/iran-accelerates-cyber-ops-against-israel/
[12] https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2024/02/06/iran-accelerates-cyber-ops-against-israel/
[13] https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2024/02/06/iran-accelerates-cyber-ops-against-israel/
[14] https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2024/02/06/iran-accelerates-cyber-ops-against-israel/
[15] https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2024/02/06/iran-accelerates-cyber-ops-against-israel/
[16] https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2024/02/06/iran-accelerates-cyber-ops-against-israel/
[17] https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2024/02/06/iran-accelerates-cyber-ops-against-israel/
[18]https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2024/02/06/iran-accelerates-cyber-ops-against-israel/
[19] https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1755336255250792928; https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68232883; https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/02/07/israel-hamas-gaza-blinken-hostages/
[20] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/gaza-hostage-deal-israel-hamas-cia-chief-william-burns; https://t.me/hamasps/19338; https://www.reuters.com/world/first-deadly-strike-against-us-forces-since-gaza-war-started-2024-01-29/
[21] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/gaza-hostage-deal-israel-hamas-cia-chief-william-burns
[22] https://al-akhbar dot com/Palestine/376267/النص-الحرفي-لرد-حماس-على-اتفاقية-الإطار
[23] https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-02-07-24#h_e7c5f2cd9cc2bee8bdd3cc38537e32cf
[24] https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1755337559452910021; https://twitter.com/netanyahu/status/1755320991125753971
[25] https://www.jpost dot com/israel-hamas-war/2024-02-07/live-updates-785565
[26] https://www.axios.com/2024/01/29/israel-spy-chief-egypt-hamas-gaza
[27] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/02/02/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-palestine/#link-KXBCWMECSVA7XM3U5VM7T2VYLY; https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip/#people-and-society
[28] https://www.axios.com/2024/01/29/israel-spy-chief-egypt-hamas-gaza
[29] https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-it-plans-ground-offensive-into-city-on-border-with-egypt-9fd35e39?mod=middle-east_news_article_pos3
[30] https://www.state.gov/secretary-blinkens-meeting-with-israeli-prime-minister-netanyahu-3/
[31] https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news-02-07-24/h_24e43f8b76a748cf78b71d0082e4ae5d
[32] https://al-akhbar dot com/Palestine/376267/النص-الحرفي-لرد-حماس-على-اتفاقية-الإطار
[33] https://www.idf dot il/179042
[34] https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/5656; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/5664; https://t.me/qassam1brigades/1575; https://t.me/sarayaps/17402; https://t.me/sarayaps/17403; https://t.me/qassam1brigades/1577; https://t.me/qassam1brigades/1578; https://t.me/qassam1brigades/1579
[35] https://t.me/sarayaps/17403
[36] https://t.me/hamza20300/211818; https://t.me/hamza20300/211801; https://t.me/hamza20300/211797; https://t.me/hamza20300/211765; https://t.me/hamza20300/211749
[37] https://www.israelhayom dot com/2024/02/07/exclusive-giant-tunnel-under-unrwa-headquraters-discovered-pm-tells-blinken-in-meeting/
[38] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1755214884252373104; https://www dot idf dot il/178952
[39] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1755140616441254304; https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1755140613685579977
[40] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1755140616441254304
[41] https://t.me/qassam1brigades/1580; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/5657; https://t.me/sarayaps/17399; https://t.me/QudsN/367582
[42] https://t.me/sarayaps/17399; https://t.me/sarayaps/17398; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/5657
[43] https://twitter.com/KSAmofaEN/status/1755020860836962666
[44] https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-with-andrea-mitchell-of-msnbcs-andrea-mitchell-reports/
[45] https://twitter.com/GLZRadio/status/1755260070919651482; https://twitter.com/GLZRadio/status/1755260083657638313
[46] https://twitter.com/GLZRadio/status/1755260087831011790
[47] https://twitter.com/manniefabian/status/1746581634898350373
[48] https://t.me/QudsN/367611; https://t.me/kataipshohdaaalaqsa/979; https://t.me/QudsN/367638; https://t.me/QudsN/367657; https://t.me/QudsN/367684; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/5651; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/5652; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/5653; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/5654; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/5658; https://t.me/elaqsa_1965/5662; https://t.me/newpress1/67006
[49] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1755178760502915280
[50] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1755178760502915280
[51] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1755215351640457324; https://t.me/C_Military1/45394; https://t.me/C_Military1/45396;
[52] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordanian-guard-wounded-three-smugglers-killed-syria-border-military-2024-02-07/ ; https://www.syriahr.com/en/324888/
[53] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordanian-guard-wounded-three-smugglers-killed-syria-border-military-2024-02-07/
[54] https://www.syriahr.com/en/324888/
[55] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-army-says-it-killed-drug-weapons-smugglers-coming-syria-2024-01-06/ ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-18-2023; https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-february-5-2024
[56] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordanian-jets-strike-iran-linked-drug-dealers-inside-syria-intelligence-sources-2024-01-09/ ; https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-strikes-iran-linked-drug-dealers-syria-intelligence-sources-2024-01-04/
[57] https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/07/how-captagon-trade-impacts-border-communities-lebanon-and-syria ; https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/12/jordian-army-kills-several-drug-runners-amid-soaring-captagon-trade
[58] https://mfa dot ir/portal/NewsView/739393
[59] https://defapress dot ir/fa/news/649413/
[60] https://mfa dot ir/portal/NewsView/739393
[61] https://www.mei.edu/publications/sudanese-iranian-rapprochement-possible ; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/12/sudan-siding-with-saudi-arabia-long-term-ally-iran#:~:text=Long%20one%20of%20Iran%27s%20few,the%20promise%20of%20financial%20reward
[62] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-24/iran-supplies-sudan-army-with-drones-as-civil-war-continues
[63] https://www.theafricareport.com/333763/irans-rising-influence-and-sudans-drone-gambit/
[64] https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/salafi-jihadi-movement-update-special-edition-blinken-visits-west-africa-as-former-sahelian-counterterrorism-partners-continue-to-slide-into-russia-and-irans-orbit#_edn181128fc2c1b63d4ea18a51240862d8030
[65] https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/salafi-jihadi-movement-update-special-edition-blinken-visits-west-africa-as-former-sahelian-counterterrorism-partners-continue-to-slide-into-russia-and-irans-orbit#_edn181128fc2c1b63d4ea18a51240862d8030 ; https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-july-14-2023; https://www.mei.edu/publications/irans-renewed-africa-policy-raisis-ambition-and-perception-western-decline; https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-africa-why-tehran-will-boost-its-ties-continent-under-raisi-administration
[66] https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-june-21-2023#_edn88612ae2a6f15b933db6d30cca66a36c16
[67] https://www.iribnews dot ir/fa/news/4147619/
[68] https://www.aa dot com.tr/en/world/un-security-council-members-criticize-us-over-recent-strikes-in-syria-iraq/3128722 ; https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-february-3-2024
[69] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/news/1402/11/18/3036188
[70] https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-february-2-2024
[71] https://www.aljazeera dot com/news/2023/12/29/iran-says-it-executed-four-people-accused-of-links-to-israels-mossad ; https://www.timesofisrael dot com/iran-claims-to-arrest-israeli-spy/
[72] https://x.com/Ajamediair/status/1753478864100032763?s=20
[73] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-22-2023 ; https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iranian-spy-ship-helps-houthis-direct-attacks-on-red-sea-vessels-d6f7fd40
[74] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-january-11-2024 ; https://twitter.com/TankerTrackers/status/1755004622333190605
[75] https://twitter.com/TankerTrackers/status/1755004622333190605
[76] https://apnews.com/article/iran-houthis-yemen-us-airstrikes-e15f86446be67ec2a44b36a9a6f7e88f ; https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/shipid:657839/zoom:13 ; https://www.vesselfinder.com/?imo=9167289
[77] https://twitter.com/Ajamediair/status/1753478864100032763?s=20 ; https://apnews.com/article/iran-houthis-yemen-us-airstrikes-e15f86446be67ec2a44b36a9a6f7e88f
[78] https://apnews.com/article/iran-houthis-yemen-us-airstrikes-e15f86446be67ec2a44b36a9a6f7e88f
