Andie Parry, Ashka Jhaveri, Johanna Moore, Peter Mills, and Annika Ganzeveld
Information Cutoff: 2:00 pm EST
The
Iran Update provides insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored
activities abroad that undermine regional stability and threaten US
forces and interests. It also covers events and trends that affect the
stability and decision-making of the Iranian regime. The Critical
Threats Project (CTP) at the American Enterprise Institute and the
Institute for the Study of War (ISW) provides these updates regularly
based on regional events. For more on developments in Iran and the
region, see our interactive map of Iran and the Middle East.
Note:
CTP and ISW have refocused the update to cover the Israel-Hamas war.
The new sections address developments in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank,
Lebanon, and Syria, as well as noteworthy activity from Iran’s Axis of
Resistance. We do not report in detail on war crimes because
these activities are well-covered in Western media and do not directly
affect the military operations we are assessing and forecasting. We
utterly condemn violations of the laws of armed conflict and the Geneva
Conventions and crimes against humanity even though we do not describe
them in these reports.
Click here
to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of Israeli ground operations. This
map is updated daily alongside the static maps present in this report.
CTP-ISW
will not publish an update on Thursday, November 23, for the
Thanksgiving holiday. CTP-ISW will resume publishing daily updates on
Friday, November 24.
Key Takeaways:
- Israel and Hamas have agreed to a four-day humanitarian pause in fighting. Hamas is the only militant group explicitly mentioned in the humanitarian pause agreement.
- The entire Axis of Resistance has been involved in the escalation against the United States and Israel since October 7 and it is unclear how its non-Hamas members will react to the pause. Senior Iranian, Hamas, Lebanese, LH, and PIJ officials met in Beirut on November 22 to discuss the four-day humanitarian pause between Israel and Hamas.
- Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF)—an umbrella security organization that ostensibly reports to the Iraqi Prime Minister—held a funeral for five Kataib Hezbollah members who were killed in two US drone strikes on KH facilities on November 22. Iranian-backed militias attempted to portray the US airstrike as having targeted a state-affiliated security organization and not members of the US-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization, Kataib Hezbollah.
- The Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed two drone attacks on al Harir Airbase in retaliation for Israeli operations in the Gaza Strip. The IDF intercepted a Houthi cruise missile that targeted Eilat, Israel on November 22.
- Israel published more evidence for how Hamas uses al Shifa Hospital as a command node.
Gaza Strip
Axis of Resistance campaign objectives:
- Erode the will of the Israeli political establishment and public to launch and sustain a major ground operation into the Gaza Strip
- Degrade IDF material and morale around the Gaza Strip
Israel and Hamas have agreed to a four-day humanitarian pause in fighting. Hamas official Mousa Abu Marzouk said the pause will begin at 0300 EST on Thursday, November 23. [1] The Israeli National Security Director said that hostages will not be released before Friday, however.[2]
It is therefore unclear when the pause will begin. Statements from
Israel and Hamas acknowledged a prisoner/hostage swap in return for a
four-day pause in the fighting in the Gaza Strip with different levels
of detail.[3]
The Israeli government’s official statement said that 50 women and
children would be released by Hamas over four days at a rate of at least
10 per day.[4]
Hamas’ political wing issued a more detailed statement and said that it
would release 50 Israeli women and children under the age of 19 in
exchange for Israel releasing 150 Palestinian women and children under
the age of 19. Israel’s statement presents the opportunity for the
extension of the pause, stipulating that for each additional 10 hostages
Hamas released, a day would be added to the pause. Hamas’ statement did
not mention this aspect of the agreement.
Hamas’s
statement also included details about a no-fly zone in the southern Gaza
Strip, a partial no-fly zone in the northern Gaza Strip, and
humanitarian, fuel, and medical aid deliveries. The official statement
from Israel did not include details about these features of the deal. An
anonymous senior Israeli security official speaking to the press said
that Israel has alternatives to gathering intelligence via drone and
that stormy days in the forecast would limit Israeli aerial intelligence
gathering anyway.[5]
This statement indicates that the no-fly zone is part of Israel’s
understanding of the deal. Hamas also said that the parties agreed to “a
ceasefire. . . and a cessation of all military actions by Israel in all
areas of the Gaza Strip.” The Israeli statement did not specify where
the fighting would stop or use the term “ceasefire.” The official
Israeli statement mentioned only a “pause in the fighting.”
Hamas and Israel negotiated the pause with the mediation of Qatar, which released a separate statement affirming the agreement.[6]
The Qatari statement included details about the release of 150
Palestinian prisoners from Israeli jails and humanitarian convoys
carrying fuel entering the Gaza Strip.
Hamas said that it
remains committed to the establishment of a Palestinian state with
Jerusalem as its capital despite the truce and will remain the
protective shield and defender of the Palestinian people until Israel is
defeated. The Israeli government’s statement included the declaration
that it will continue the war to eliminate Hamas.[7]
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu told the Knesset as it voted
on the deal that Israeli security agencies assess that the war effort
will not be harmed and that the deal will enable the IDF to prepare for
the continuation of fighting.[8]
Hamas is the only militant group explicitly mentioned in the humanitarian pause agreement. Hamas
is also the only Palestinian militant group that has acknowledged the
pause agreement, despite the fact that Hamas is only one of several
groups fighting Israeli forces in the Gaza Strip. Lebanese Hezbollah
(LH) has unofficially indicated that it would adhere to a pause in
fighting if Israel did, according to an unspecified LH official speaking
to al Jazeera.[9]
There are no indications that other Palestinian or Axis of Resistance
groups regard themselves as bound by the Israel-Hamas agreement. Other
Palestinian militant groups are actively fighting Israeli forces in the
Gaza Strip and conducting indirect fire attacks into Israel. Palestinian
Islamic Jihad (PIJ) attacked Israeli forces and launched rockets at
Israel at least 15 times on November 21.[10]
The al Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigade—a self-affiliated militant wing of
Fatah—has conducted attacks on Israeli ground forces in the Gaza Strip
and fired rockets into Israel.[11]
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine’s militant wing in
the Gaza Strip—the Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades—has conducted at least 14
indirect fire attacks into Israel since the start of the war. The
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine’s militant wing has
also conducted attacks from the Gaza Strip into Israel.[12]
PIJ’s
and Hamas’ militant wings have acknowledged that they coordinate ground
operations targeting Israeli forces in the Gaza Strip over the past
several weeks of fighting.[13]
PIJ and Hamas have also coordinated operations with other smaller
militias in the Gaza Strip such as the al Nasser Salah al-Deen
Brigades—the militant wing of Popular Resistance Committees.[14]
Israel has repeatedly held Hamas responsible for all anti-Israel
militant activity emanating from the Gaza Strip even as Hamas claims
that it has no control over other militias operating in Gaza.[15]
PIJ and possibly other militant groups are holding Israeli hostages,
complicating hostage exchange according to Hamas, which has claimed that
it does not control hostages held by other militias even though Hamas
fighters were the ones who seized the hostages on October 7.[16] PIJ’s spokesperson Abu Hamza announced the death of one of its hostages, Hanna Katzir, on November 21.[17]
These factors increase the risk that a non-Hamas militia that has
nevertheless been coordinating military operations with Hamas could
attack Israeli forces drawing an Israeli response that Hamas would
attempt to frame as an Israeli violation of the agreement.
The
entire Axis of Resistance has been involved in the escalation against
the United States and Israel since October 7, and it is unclear how its
non-Hamas members will react to the pause. Axis of Resistance
groups, including the Houthis and the Islamic Resistance in Iraq—a
coalition of Iranian-backed Iraqi militias, have continued to attack
Israel while Israel and Hamas discuss the terms of the pause agreement.
Houthi fighters hijacked an Israeli-owned, Japanese-operated freighter
transiting the Red Sea on November 19 and launched a cruise missile at
Eilat on November 22.[18]
The Islamic Resistance in Iraq also began using close-range ballistic
missiles against US forces in November, including on November 21.[19]
It is unclear how this pattern will progress during the pause, as Hamas
and Israel are the only combatant parties explicitly bound by the
agreement.
Israel destroyed the headquarters of Hamas’ Northern Brigade in the Sheikh Zayed neighborhood during clearing operations. Israeli
media reported that the IDF is expected to intensify combat operations
in the Gaza Strip with a focus on clearing militant strongholds in the
eastern Gaza Strip before there is a pause in fighting.[20] The IDF said on November 18 that it is expanding offensive operations toward Jabalia city in the northern Gaza Strip.[21]
Israeli forces conducted targeted raids northwest of Jabalia in the
Sheikh Zayed neighborhood on November 22, where Israel says several
senior members of Hamas live.[22] The force located large tunnel shafts and large complexes and destroyed the headquarters of Hamas’ Northern Brigade.[23]
The IDF said in a publication on November 13 that Hamas maintains five
regional brigades, two of which operate in the northern Gaza Strip.[24] Israeli forces also discovered a model of an IDF vehicle.[25]
Palestinian militias have made several claims to destroy Israeli
vehicles and frequently target them with rocket-propelled grenades
(RPG).
Israel said its forces are on the offensive in the Tal al Hawa neighborhood in southern Gaza city.[26]
The IDF said its forces raided the Hamas Gaza City Brigades outpost and
a military intelligence office where they discovered unspecified
information about the underground infrastructure Hamas uses across the
Gaza Strip.[27]
Israeli forces also located a workshop for manufacturing drones and a
laboratory for one-way attack drones, IEDs, mortars, and other weapons.[28]
The
al Quds Brigades—the militant wing of Palestinian Islamic Jihad
(PIJ)—said that its forces targeted Israeli forces against Israeli lines
of advance. The al Quds Brigades claimed to attack Israeli
forces advancing south of Gaza city and in neighborhoods surrounding
Jabalia city with various munitions including RPGs, tandem-charge
anti-tank weapons, small arms, and mortars.[29] The IDF has targeted PIJ operational headquarters since the Israel-Hamas war began.[30]
Israel published more evidence for how Hamas uses al Shifa Hospital as a command node. Israel posted footage of Hamas’ “underground city” and tunnel network underneath al Shifa Hospital on November 22.[31]
Israeli forces discovered military equipment during clearing operations
in the al Shifa Hospital area including various weapons and electronic
devices, as well as patches of the al Quds Brigades.[32]
CTP-ISW has reported that the IDF faces a loose coalition of
Palestinian militant groups in the Gaza Strip—rather than just Hamas.
Palestinian
militia fighters continued attacks targeting Israeli forces behind the
Israeli forward line of advance, which is consistent with the nature of
clearing operations. The al Qassem Brigades—the militant wing
of Hamas—published several video compilations of various attacks it has
conducted on Israeli forces across the northern Gaza Strip using RPGs,
small arms, and IEDs.[33] The al Quds Brigades claimed to attack Israeli infantry forces in Beit Hanoun.[34]
Sources[35]
Recorded reports of rocket attacks; CTP-ISW cannot independently verify impact.
The al Quds Brigades conducted one indirect fire attack into Israel on November 22. The al Quds Brigades fired rockets at the Third Eye military site in southern Israel.[36] The al Qassem Brigades did not claim indirect fire attacks into Israel on November 22.
Recorded reports of rocket attacks; CTP-ISW cannot independently verify impact.
West Bank
Axis of Resistance campaign objectives:
- Draw IDF assets and resources toward the West Bank and fix them there
Palestinian militia fighters conducted 18 attacks on Israeli forces, primarily in Tulkarm, in the West Bank on November 22. Unspecified Palestinian militia fighters fired small arms at Israeli forces and detonated at least five IEDs targeting them on November 22 in response to an Israeli raid in Tulkarm.[37] The al Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigade’ Tulkarm Rapid Response Battalion acknowledged six of its fighters, including four commanders, died during the Israeli operation in Tulkarm.[38] The al Quds Brigades stated that it participated in the fighting against Israeli forces in Tulkarm, but did not acknowledge any casualties.[39] Unspecified fighters engaged in five small arms clashes and detonated at least two IEDs targeting Israeli forces across the West Bank on November 22.[40] The IDF reported Israel arrested 29 people, of whom 3 were associated with Hamas, across the West Bank.[41]
CTP-ISW recorded two demonstrations in Ramallah in the West Bank on November 22.[42]
One of the demonstrations took place outside the German consulate to
protest Germany’s support for Israel’s campaign in the Gaza Strip.[43]
This map is not an exhaustive depiction of clashes and demonstrations in the West Bank.
Southern Lebanon and Golan Heights
Axis of Resistance campaign objectives:
- Draw IDF assets and resources toward northern Israel and fix them there
- Set conditions for successive campaigns into northern Israel
Iranian-backed fighters, including LH, conducted 20 attacks on November 22 into Israeli territory from Lebanon. LH specifically claimed 16 attacks on Israeli border positions.[44] Unspecified fighters separately launched three rocket salvoes and sent one unspecified drone into northern Israel.[45] The IDF conducted multiple airstrikes targeting LH units conducting cross-border attacks and LH military infrastructure in southern Lebanon.[46]
Unspecified
fighters in Syria fired rockets toward the Golan Heights on November 22
after the IDF carried out an airstrike targeting possible
Iranian-backed fighters in Sayyida Zainab, Damascus.[47]
Iranian-backed militia groups have long maintained bases in Sayyida
Zainab and used it to facilitate Iranian lines of effort elsewhere in
Syria.[48]
Iran and Axis of Resistance
Axis of Resistance campaign objectives:
- Demonstrate the capability and willingness of Iran and the Axis of Resistance to escalate against the United States and Israel on multiple fronts
- Set conditions to fight a regional war on multiple fronts
Iraq’s
Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF)—an umbrella security organization
that ostensibly reports to the Iraqi prime minister—held a funeral for
five Kataib Hezbollah (KH) members, who were killed in two US drone
strikes on KH facilities on November 22.[49] Iranian-backed
militias Ashab al Kahf and Harakat Hezbollah al Nujaba offered
condolences and congratulations to KH for the death and martyrdom of
their militants.[50]
The PMF-sponsored funeral, however, highlighted the militants’
affiliation with the PMF and referred to them as martyrs of the PMF.[51] The PMF funeral procession showed portraits of the killed KH militants alongside PMF insignia.[52]
In doing so, Iranian-backed militias attempted to portray the US
airstrike as having targeted a state-affiliated security organization
and not members of the US-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization
(FTO), KH.
Two unidentified defense officials
reported that US fighter jets struck a KH operations center and KH
command and control center in Jurf al Saqr, Babil Province, Iraq, on
November 22 and confirmed that KH personnel were located at both
facilities.[53] KH has retained control of Jurf al Saqr since
2021 following their forces' relocation of local Sunnis from the area
from late 2020 to early 2021.[54]
Iranian-backed militias expanded their presence within the Baghdad
Belts in 2020 under the pretext of counter-ISIS operations following the
US force drawdown.[55]
However, during that time, ISIS was conducting targeted attacks in Jurf
al Saqr to stoke ethnic conflict. Iranian-backed militias, namely KH,
fed into the ISIS objective by forcibly displacing Sunnis from the area.[56]
KH has prevented Sunnis from returning and has effectively blocked
Iraqi security forces from operating in the area to mask their
activities from the Iraqi government as ISW previously reported.[57]
The
Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed two drone attacks on al Harir
Airbase in retaliation for Israeli operations in the Gaza Strip.[58] The Islamic Resistance in Iraq has claimed 11 attacks on US forces stationed at al Harir Airbase since October 18.[59]
The IDF intercepted a Houthi cruise missile that targeted Eilat, Israel on November 22.[60] The IDF reported that one of its F-35 fighter jets intercepted a cruise missile over the Red Sea.[61] The Houthi Movement claimed the attack on Eilat in support of Palestinian militias fighting in the Gaza Strip.[62] The Houthis have claimed five drone and surface-to-surface missile attacks targeting Eilat since October 18.[63]
The Houthi movement threatened on October 31 to ”continue its strikes
with rockets and drones until the Israeli aggression [in the Gaza Strip]
stops.”[64]
Senior
Iranian, Hamas, Lebanese, LH, and PIJ officials met in Beirut on
November 22 to discuss the four-day humanitarian pause between Israel
and Hamas. Iranian Foreign Affairs Minister Hossein Amir
Abdollahian met with the Deputy Chairman of Hamas’ Political Bureau in
the Gaza Strip, Khalil al Haya, PIJ Secretary General Ziyad al Nakhalah,
and Lebanese Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri.[65]
Abdollahian discussed the four-day humanitarian pause in his meetings
with these officials and Iranian Foreign Affairs Ministry spokesperson
Nasser Kanani told Iranian state media on November 22 that Abdollahian
had traveled to Beirut to “help stabilize the ceasefire.”[66] LH-affiliated media reported that Abdollahian will also meet with LH Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah.[67]
Abdollahian’s visit to Beirut notably coincides with Nasrallah’s
meeting with Haya and Hamas senior representative to Lebanon Osama
Hamdan on November 22.[68]
Abdollahian’s November 22 visit to Beirut marks his second trip to
Lebanon since the start of the Israel-Hamas war on October 7.
Abdollahian last traveled to Beirut on October 12 as part of his
regional diplomatic tour to Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Qatar, as CTP-ISW
previously reported.[69]
Iranian
Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei discussed the Israel-Hamas war with a group
of Iranian athletes in Tehran on November 22.[70] Khamenei
warned that Israel’s “atrocities” will not go “unanswered” and that
Israel’s attacks on the Gaza Strip will “shorten [Israel’s] lifespan.”
Khamenei has used similarly threatening language in his speeches since
October 7. He warned on October 17, for example, that the continuation
of Israeli “crimes” against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip will make
resistance groups “impatient” and that “no one will be able to stop
[these groups].”[71]
Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi conducted an interview with five Axis of Resistance media outlets on November 22.[72] Raisi’s interview is noteworthy given that Iranian officials typically do not conduct interviews with numerous outlets simultaneously. Raisi conducted the interview with LH-affiliated al Manar, Kataib Hezbollah-operated al Etejah, PIJ-affiliated Filastin al Yawm, Hamas-controlled Al Aqsa TV, and Houthi-controlled al Masirah. Raisi claimed that Israel’s “insults” to the Al Aqsa Mosque and “killing” of Palestinians before October 7 precipitated the Al Aqsa Flood Operation. Raisi further claimed that the IDF has thus far failed to eliminate Hamas in the Gaza Strip and that the United States opposes a ceasefire because it fears a ceasefire “will make Israel’s defeat certain”[73]
[1] https://twitter.com/manniefabian/status/1727276905672638863
[2] https://www.axios.com/2023/11/22/israel-hamas-hostage-deal-timeline-palestinian-prisoners; https://twitter.com/JoeTruzman/status/1727447622389215236
[3] https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/spoke-kidnapped221123 ; https://t.me/hamasps/17906
[4] https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/spoke-kidnapped221123
[5] https://twitter.com/Doron_Kadosh/status/1727209726067544215
[6] https://twitter.com/majedalansari/status/1727235402770059534
[7] https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/spoke-kidnapped221123
[8] https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/spoke-joint211123
[9] https://www.newarab.com/news/hezbollah-says-it-will-abide-israel-hamas-ceasefire
[10] https://t.me/sarayaps/16736 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16732 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16731 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16730 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16728 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16727 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16726 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16725 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16724 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16723 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16722 ; https://t.me/sarayaps/16721
[11] https://t.me/AymanGouda/5801 ; https://t.me/AymanGouda/5841 ; https://t.me/AymanGouda/5795
[12] https://t.me/QudsN/312785 ; https://twitter.com/AlMayadeenNews/status/1714983570710687932 ; https://t.me/QudsN/316038
[13] https://t.me/sarayaps/16707
[14] https://t.me/sarayaps/16679
[15] https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1082140811041665024 ; https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/08/10/unlike-hamas-islamic-jihad-has-no-desire-to-exercise-political-power_5993159_4.html
[16] https://www.cbsnews.com/news/negotiators-near-hamas-deal-to-release-hostages-israel-qatar/
[17] https://t.me/abuhamzasaraya/84
[18] https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idsIZC?now=true ; https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727333155273932995
[19] https://twitter.com/CENTCOM/status/1727124401056092540
[20] https://twitter.com/IsraelRadar_com/status/1727372027064139830
[21] https://twitter.com/AvichayAdraee/status/1725890537520091244
[22] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727225022715245029; https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727334436390223921; https://twitter.com/AvichayAdraee/status/1727341141874405571
[23] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727225022715245029; https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727334436390223921; https://twitter.com/AvichayAdraee/status/1727341141874405571
[24] https://idf dot il/150310
[25] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727225022715245029; https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727334436390223921; https://twitter.com/AvichayAdraee/status/1727341141874405571
[26] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727367699590738003
[27] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727367699590738003
[28] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727367699590738003
[29] https://t.me/sarayaps/16740
[30] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1711304715223384446
[31] https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1727409278636478519
[32] https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1727387582378688562
[33] https://t.me/qassam1brigades/517; https://t.me/qassam1brigades/516; https://twitter.com/MayadeenEnglish/status/1727381447005126950
[34] https://t.me/sarayaps/16732
[35] https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-iran-fuels-hamas-terrorism; https://jiss.org.il/en/mansharof-the-relationship-between-iran-and-palestinian-islamic-jihad/; https://t.me/qassambrigades/29209; https://t.me/sarayaps/16716; https://t.me/QudsN/322059; https://twitter.com/SafaPs/status/1719698310913462778; https://t.me/QudsN/322081; https://t.me/kataebabuali/10458; https://t.me/mihwar_almuqawama/38089; https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-aqsa-martyrs-brigade; https://t.me/areennabluss/291
[36] https://t.me/sarayaps/16738
[37] https://t.me/alredalsrey/468 ; https://t.me/alredalsrey/470 ; https://t.me/sarayatulkarm/417 ; https://t.me/sarayatulkarm/418 ; https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727294953959956769
[38] https://t.me/s/alredalsrey ; https://t.me/s/kataipshohdaaalaqsa
[39] https://t.me/s/sarayatulkarm
[40] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727294953959956769 ; https://t.me/QudsN/333139 ; https://t.me/QudsN/333177 ; https://t.me/QudsN/333222 ; https://t.me/QudsN/333209 ; https://t.me/QudsN/333208
[41] https://www.idf dot il/154824
[42] https://t.me/QudsN/333262 ; https://t.me/QudsN/333276
[43] https://t.me/QudsN/333262
[44] https://t.me/C_Military1/40059 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40077 ; https://t.me/QudsN/333141 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40081 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40090 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40093 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40088 ; https://twitter.com/GLZRadio/status/1727326370068377665 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40108 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40109 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40111 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40114 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40118 ; https://t.me/QudsN/333256
[45] https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727089505923186776 ; https://t.me/C_Military1/40075 ; https://twitter.com/GLZRadio/status/1727326792178864150 ; https://twitter.com/idfonline/status/1727089507705741671
[46] https://twitter.com/manniefabian/status/1727250593100804509 ; https://twitter.com/GLZRadio/status/1727376032465145874
[47] https://twitter.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1727391193099620700 ; https://twitter.com/Archer83Able/status/1727310051860230426 ; https://twitter.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1727394090827018692
[48] https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/factbox-iranian-influence-and-presence-in-syria/ ; https://ctc.westpoint.edu/from-karbala-to-sayyida-zaynab-iraqi-fighters-in-syrias-shia-militias/ ; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/13/irans-syria-project-pushing-population-shifts-to-increase-influence ; https://www.mei.edu/publications/israels-response-iran-syria-choosing-between-escalation-and-accommodation-0
[49] https://apnews.com/article/israel-iraq-airstrike-military-iran-d93d861feeef90cfeac3ba85f1f2f36d ; https://t.me/teamsmediawar_1/94597 ; https://t.me/teamsmediawar_1/94596
[50] https://t.me/aishab_alkahf/109 ; https://t.me/Tura313/46465
[51] https://t.me/teamsmediawar_1/94596 ; https://t.me/teamsmediawar_1/94597
[52] https://t.me/QudsN/333180 ; https://t.me/teamsmediawar_1/94586 ; https://t.me/teamsmediawar_1/94596 ; https://t.me/teamsmediawar_1/94597
[53] https://apnews.com/article/israel-iraq-airstrike-military-iran-d93d861feeef90cfeac3ba85f1f2f36d ; https://t.me/teamsmediawar_1/94597 ; https://t.me/teamsmediawar_1/94596
[54] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-and-iranian-backed-militias-compete-control-baghdad-region
[55] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-and-iranian-backed-militias-compete-control-baghdad-region
[56] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-and-iranian-backed-militias-compete-control-baghdad-region
[57] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-and-iranian-backed-militias-compete-control-baghdad-region
[58] https://t.me/elamharbi/126 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/125
[59] https://t.me/elamharbi/3 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/10 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/14 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/70 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/79 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/87 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/87 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/90 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/103 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/109 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/125 ; https://t.me/elamharbi/126
[60] https://www.timesofisrael dot com/idf-says-it-shot-down-cruise-missile-apparently-fired-by-houthis-over-red-sea/
[61] https://www.timesofisrael dot com/idf-says-it-shot-down-cruise-missile-apparently-fired-by-houthis-over-red-sea/
[62] https://www.ansarollah dot com/archives/644391
[63] https://www.timesofisrael dot com/in-first-arrow-system-used-to-down-missile-from-red-sea-houthis-claim-uav-attack/ ; https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-yemen-houthis-iran-34eab8bc1d3cf3606d874166fef2f018 ; https://www.timesofisrael dot com/in-first-arrow-system-used-to-down-missile-from-red-sea-houthis-claim-uav-attack/ ; https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-yemen-houthis-iran-34eab8bc1d3cf3606d874166fef2f018 ; https://twitter.com/army21ye/status/1719808498416927049 ; https://twitter.com/army21ye/status/1721592644944494911 ; https://twitter.com/manniefabian/status/1722672932776710281
[64] https://twitter.com/army21ye/status/1719340968812425410 ; https://twitter.com/army21ye/status/1719345629208412584
[65] https://www.farsnews dot ir/news/14020901000933 ;
https://www.irna dot ir/news/85300153 ;
https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/news/1402/09/01/2994016 ;
https://www.farsnews dot ir/news/14020901000833
[66] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/news/1402/09/01/2993909
[67] https://www.farsnews dot ir/news/14020901000684
[68] https://t.me/C_Military1/40064
[69] https://mfa dot ir/portal/newsview/731370 ;
https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-october-13-2023
[70] https://www.leader dot ir/fa/content/26790
[71] https://www.leader dot ir/fa/content/26718
[72] https://www.irna dot ir/news/85300354
[73] https://donya-e-eqtesad dot com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-62/4022831-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA
