By
Elizabeth Teoman and Jennifer Cafarella with Bradley Hanlon
Key Takeaway: Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is preparing to attack America’s local partner in northern Syria on two fronts along the Turkish border. Russia and the Bashar al Assad regime support his planned operation, which could constrain the U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to the eastern bank of the Euphrates River and possibly neutralize American plans to build an SDF-linked “border security force.” Erdogan’s escalation is consistent with the Institute for the Study of War’s September 2017 forecast that Turkey will conduct new military operations against U.S.-backed forces.
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan pivoted from blocking Russia in northern Syria’s Idlib Province to preparing an attack against the U.S. partner force. Erdogan announced his intent to attack the U.S.-backed
Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) at a political event in Turkey on January 13. He
stated Turkish forces will attack two SDF-held areas along the Turkish border
within one week unless Syrian Kurdish People’s Protection Units (YPG), which dominate the SDF, withdraw. The areas Erdogan
intends to attack are a zone of YPG control northwest of Aleppo City called the
“Afrin canton” and the town of Manbij, northeast of Aleppo City. Erdogan
deployed reinforcements to the front line between Turkish troops and the YPG in
Afrin and began a military buildup across the Turkish border on
January 14. Turkish forces and Turkish-backed Syrian opposition groups renewed shelling YPG-held areas on January 13,
provoking return fire. Erdogan does not face internal obstacles to launching
offensive operations against the SDF and claimed the operation can “start at any time” on January 15.
Erdogan will likely seek the formality of the Turkish National Security
Council’s (MGK) approval during the next meeting on January 17, however.
Erdogan has been preparing to attack the YPG for nearly one year. Erdogan regards the YPG as a Syrian branch of the Kurdistan Worker’s
Party (PKK), which is waging an insurgency in Turkey. Erdogan has consistently
reiterated his intent to remove what he refers to as
the YPG’s “terror corridor” along Turkey’s southern border. He intervened militarily in mid-2016 to block further YPG gains and prepare future
options. He began preparing for renewed
military operations against Afrin in March 2017, when Prime Minister Binali
Yildirim announced the conclusion Turkey’s Operation
Euphrates Shield in Syria and suggested Turkey would launch future operations.
Turkish troops deployed into northwestern Syria to secure
the front line between the YPG and Turkish-backed opposition groups west of
Aleppo City in October 2017 in order to prepare for future operations against
YPG forces in Afrin. Erdogan meanwhile built up his opposition proxy force north
of Aleppo City in order to prepare for future operations against Manbij.
Turkey is now taking pre-emptive action to block the U.S. from further solidifying the SDF in power. Turkey is prepared to seize SDF territory to mitigate the effect of U.S.
policy in Syria, or, in Erdogan’s ideal scenario, to reverse it. U.S. officials
announced plans to build a “Border Security Force” from the SDF in late 2017 and stated that the U.S. intends to make the SDF into a “model for a future Syria.” Erdogan views the conversion of
the SDF into a stabilization force as a fundamental threat to Turkish national
security and Turkey’s interests in Syria. Turkey condemned
the U.S. policy as “absolutely impossible” for Turkey to accept. Erdogan plans to take pre-emptive action to
prevent the U.S. from transitioning the SDF into a durable stabilization force.
He will also use the operation to gain domestic support among the Turkish
nationalist electorate ahead of Turkey’s presidential election in 2019. The
Institute for the Study of War warned
on November 21, 2017 that Erdogan would become even more aggressively anti-U.S.
as he campaigns for re-election.
Russia and the Assad regime are backing Erdogan’s play out of a shared desire to thwart U.S. policy. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and other Russian officials condemned
the U.S. for “provocations” against Turkey on January 14 and 15. Russian
state-controlled media has framed the U.S. plan to build the “Border Security Force” as an
instigator of Turkish aggression. Russia’s rhetoric is consistent with Turkish messaging and helps legitimize Erdogan’s operations. Russian forces
are deployed along front lines in both Afrin and Manbij, and will likely
withdraw. The Assad regime has also condemned the U.S. policy as an attack on Syrian sovereignty and appeared to condone
a Turkish operation. Russia will attempt to exploit Turkey’s operation for its own
gain and to further strengthen the Assad regime. Russia may draw back to and
reinforce its positions in the Menagh Airbase and Tel Rifaat, north of Aleppo
City, which provide leverage it can use to attempt to thwart possible future
Turkish-backed efforts to contest pro-regime control of Aleppo City. Russia will
likely seek to create a new security arrangement with Turkey that protects its interests
in Aleppo City and the surrounding countryside after the operation, if it
occurs. Lavrov called on Turkish forces to establish
up to twenty observation points on January 15 as part of the ‘de-escalation’
agreement between
Russia, Iran, and Turkey. Lavrov’s statement indicates that Russia will
continue to drive Turkey to become a security guarantor in northern Syria in
order to enable Russia to leverage great-power negotiations to solve local
problems in Syria
Erdogan’s previous intervention in Idlib Province, south of Afrin, set conditions for his pivot against the U.S. Erdogan
applied constraints on the scale of a current pro-regime push in Idlib Province
by raising pro-regime military costs and proposing that Turkey and pro-regime
forces refocus on their common interest against the U.S. in Syria. Erdogan provided
armored vehicles and advanced weapons
systems to Syrian
opposition forces fighting alongside Hay’at Tahrir al Sham (HTS), the successor of al Qaeda’s
affiliate in Syria. Turkish support enabled these forces to reverse
some pro-regime gains from January 11-15 and inflict higher casualties
on pro-regime forces. Russia pivoted away from escalation with Turkey and back towards
escalation with the U.S. after Putin
spoke
with Erdogan via phone on January 11. Russian media had shifted blame
for a January 6 drone attack on
Russia’s airbase in Hmeimim on the Syrian coast from the U.S. to Turkey on
January 11 as Russia and Turkey escalated in Idlib. Putin later absolved Erdogan of responsibility, and Russian media resumed its
campaign to implicate the U.S. Erdogan and Putin’s deal appears limited to
northwestern Syria despite Erdogan’s effort to include the Syrian capital,
however. Putin has not conceded to Erdogan’s demand for a halt to pro-regime operations in Damascus.
The YPG is unlikely to accept the loss of Afrin and Manbij. The YPG was on track to deepen its relations with the U.S.
after the U.S. decided
in late 2017 to remain in Syria and increase
U.S. support to the YPG-dominated SDF. The YPG views Manbij and Afrin as
critical components of its statelet in northern Syria. The YPG rebuked Russia’s
effort to coopt it by inviting its political wing to participate in
international negotiations. Such negotiations have excluded YPG-linked groups
to date. A YPG-linked political leader in the SDF, Aldar Khalil, publicly rejected Russia’s
offer to participate in upcoming negotiations, accusing Russia of holding them
for “show.” The YPG may recalculate its alignment with the U.S. if the U.S.
does not take action to prevent a Turkish attack, however. The YPG is posturing
as if it will retaliate against a Turkish strike. Kurdish leaders in Afrin affirmed
that YPG forces are “not responsible” for the outcome if they are forced to exercise
their right to self-defense. The YPG has also reportedly reasserted military control over Manbij and accused Turkey of provoking anti-YPG demonstrations on January 14. The
YPG has a range of options for how to respond to an outright ground attack. YPG
forces could try to strike a deal with Russia that contains the scale of the
Turkish operations. The YPG could also simply choose to fight back. Possible
most dangerous escalation paths include YPG support to the PKK insurgency in
Turkey.
A change in U.S. policy is required to achieve a viable “post-ISIS” political-security structure in northern Syria. The U.S. shares long-term
interests with Turkey in Syria that include containing and reducing Iran’s
proxy buildup and reaching a negotiated settlement of the war in accordance
with the 2012 Geneva Communiqué. Near-term U.S. policies remain
out of alignment with these long-term goals, however. The result is a perpetual
showdown with Turkey reflected in increasingly incompatible American- and
Turkish-backed structures. The
U.S. should reconsider plans to develop the border security force and offer to
restart a diplomatic engagement with Turkey over a “post-ISIS” stabilization
strategy that re-aligns the U.S. and Turkey. The U.S. must redline the
involvement of al Qaeda and affiliated groups, which Turkey has been willing to
enable and, in some cases, support. The U.S. can still find common ground with
Turkey, however. The U.S. should pursue technical talks on the ultimate merger
of American-backed and Turkish-backed structures. The U.S. should consider committing
to the following in order to incentive Turkey to choose engagement over
escalation: negotiations on the composition of a future border security force
that leverages both American-backed and acceptable Turkish-backed forces, providing
guarantees that acceptable Turkish-backed opposition parties can participate
politically in Raqqa, and U.S. or international action to hold the SDF
accountable for upholding human rights and inclusive governance.
