By:
Elizabeth Teoman with Noah Ringler and the ISW & CTP Teams
Key Takeaway: Iraqi Kurdistan’s drive for independence is generating new
regional alignments that deepen Iranian – and potentially Russian – influence in
Iraq at the expense of the United States. Turkey, Iran, and Iraq adopted a
coordinated, aggressive
force
posture in retaliation for the Kurdistan Regional Government’s (KRG) independence
referendum on September 25, 2017. The Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) conducted military
exercises
on the borders of Iraqi Kurdistan with the Turkish Armed Forces, the Islamic Revolutionary
Guards Corps, and Iranian Artesh. Turkey and Iran implemented a ban on direct
flights from Northern Iraq on September 29. The ISF has also begun to establish
security checkpoints at border crossings from Iraqi Kurdistan to Turkey and
Iran. The tripartite has yet to enact economic embargos, although the three
states threatened
to block crude oil exports from the KRG following a temporary ban
by Iran. Turkey, Iran, and Iraq nonetheless
remain unlikely to escalate militarily in the near term. The U.S. has
opposed the KRG’s unilateral campaign on the grounds that it will harm the
prospects for a unified, independent, and representative Iraq. The tripartite
response and Iran’s growing role also threaten that goal.
The tripartite cooperation between Turkey, Iran, and Iraq builds upon preexisting multilateral frameworks that ultimately expand Iran’s regional influence and undercut American influence. Russia, Iran, and Syria have begun coopting elements of the Iraqi government into a ‘Quartet’ for operations along the Syrian-Iraqi Border. Russia and Iran have also drawn Turkey into a diplomatic process that favors their own interests through the Astana Talks on the Syrian Civil War. Iran will exploit these overlapping forums to expand and legitimize its destabilizing involvement in Iraq, Syria, and the wider Middle East. Russia also sees opportunity in these forums. It has set conditions to engage more deeply in Iraq amidst the uncertainty surrounding the KRG’s drive for independence. These forums will undermine the prospects for establishing independent, representative, and unitary states in Iraq and Syria – a requirement for achieving broader U.S. objectives.
The tripartite cooperation between Turkey, Iran, and Iraq builds upon preexisting multilateral frameworks that ultimately expand Iran’s regional influence and undercut American influence. Russia, Iran, and Syria have begun coopting elements of the Iraqi government into a ‘Quartet’ for operations along the Syrian-Iraqi Border. Russia and Iran have also drawn Turkey into a diplomatic process that favors their own interests through the Astana Talks on the Syrian Civil War. Iran will exploit these overlapping forums to expand and legitimize its destabilizing involvement in Iraq, Syria, and the wider Middle East. Russia also sees opportunity in these forums. It has set conditions to engage more deeply in Iraq amidst the uncertainty surrounding the KRG’s drive for independence. These forums will undermine the prospects for establishing independent, representative, and unitary states in Iraq and Syria – a requirement for achieving broader U.S. objectives.
The Institute for the Study of War and Critical Threats Project at
the American Enterprise Institute identified increasing regional instability
and additional flashpoints as likely outcomes of the referendum in a joint
estimate and forecast published in September 2017.
