By Jonathan Mautner
Russia intensified its air
campaign against the Syrian opposition in and around Aleppo City from September
20 – 22 following the breakdown of the nationwide ceasefire in Syria. The
dramatic uptick in Russian airstrikes coincided with the Syrian Arab Army’s announcement
of the start of an offensive to seize the remaining opposition-held districts
of Aleppo City on September 22, demonstrating Russia’s continued commitment to
support pro-regime operations against the Syrian opposition. Russian strikes
concentrated against opposition-held terrain in the southern districts of
Aleppo City as well as in the city’s western countryside, marking the largest
three-day surge in Russian airstrikes against the city and its environs since mid-August.
Russian warplanes reportedly conducted several airstrikes using cluster or
incendiary munitions, including an alleged wave of incendiary
attacks against opposition frontlines south of Aleppo City, while regime
jets also intensified their bombardment of the city and its suburbs. The surge in
Russian strikes defied U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry’s demand on September
21 that pro-regime forces “immediately
ground all aircraft” flying over opposition-held areas in order to “restore
credibility” to U.S.-Russian negotiations on the Syrian Civil War. Russia has
periodically intensified and tempered its air operations in Aleppo Province
during negotiations with the U.S., wielding the threat of even deeper
humanitarian crisis and the defeat of the acceptable opposition in Aleppo City
in order to extract concessions. Russia will not accede to a partnership with
the U.S. except on its own terms, and will continue to wage its air campaign in
Syria coercively in order to secure them.
The following graphic depicts ISW’s assessment of Russian airstrike locations based on reports from local Syrian activist networks, statements by Russian and Western officials, and documentation of Russian airstrikes through social media. This map represents locations targeted by Russia’s air campaign, rather than the number of individual strikes or sorties.
High-Confidence Reporting. ISW places high confidence in reports corroborated by documentation from opposition factions and activist networks on the ground in Syria deemed to be credible that demonstrate a number of key indicators of Russian airstrikes.
Low-Confidence Reporting. ISW places low confidence in reports corroborated only by multiple secondary sources, including from local Syrian activist networks deemed credible or Syrian state-run media.
 |
| **ISW was unable to assess any Russian airstrikes in Aleppo Province with high confidence from September 20 - 22, 2016. |
