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Monday, August 31, 2015

Iraq’s Prime Minister Implements Reform Agenda

by: Patrick Martin, Sinan Adnan, and Theodore Bell

Key Take-away: Prime Minister (PM) Haidar al-Abadi is implementing major reforms to the Iraqi government as largely peaceful demonstrations against service shortages and corruption continue in Baghdad and southern Iraq. PM Abadi’s federal reforms seek to cut redundancies and counter corruption, a chief complaint of protesters. PM Abadi is also likely moving to obstruct political rivals with the broad backing of most of Iraq’s Shi’a, Sunni, and Kurdish political parties. The Council of Representatives approved of the removal of the three Deputy PM positions, reducing the number of ministers, and voted eliminating the VP posts, which would sideline former PM Nouri al-Maliki, though the process of eliminating the VP position requires additional steps that appear to be out of PM’s authorities at the current time. The clerical establishment in Najaf supports the PM and is now calling for reforms within the Judiciary, which must be undertaken by the Judiciary upon itself because it is constitutionally independent. Should the Judiciary remain unchanged, it will pose an obstacle to PM Abadi’s reforms. The reforms have so far boosted Abadi’s influence as a premier and trimmed the number of ministers in the Council of Ministers. Some of the protests have turned violent in ways that indicate future vulnerabilities to the protests and PM Abadi’s government.

Introduction

PM Abadi’s reform initiative has spurred the Council of Representatives (CoR) into action. Since August 11, the COR passed PM Abadi’s and CoR speaker Salim al-Juburi’s reform bills, in addition to key legislation previously locked in parliamentary review on August 27. The pace of legislative activity indicates active political negotiations and consensus-forming among major Shi’a, Sunni, and Kurdish political actors in the CoR, likely responding to pressure from Najaf and the population. However, dissenters, including PM Abadi’s rivals, will likely challenge the reforms’ constitutionality despite the political and legitimacy bestowed on the reforms by Najaf and the CoR, respectively. 
Demonstrations against provincial service shortages and corruption have also continued throughout southern Iraq amid isolated reports of clashes and attacks on protesters. There are now indications that particular provincial governments are using local security assets to disperse protests, a noteworthy development that may require the central government to intervene to protect protesters to prevent a security escalation in southern Iraq.  

PM Abadi’s Reform Program

The first reform program introduced by PM Abadi on August 9 mandated sweeping changes to government, the most significant of which was the immediate elimination of the Vice President (VP) and Deputy Prime Minister positions. Several senior figures in major political parties were affected: former PM Nouri al-Maliki; Mutahidun leader Osama al-Nujaifi; Wataniya leader Ayad Allawi; senior Sadrist official Bahaa al-Araji; Arabiya leader Saleh al-Mutlaq; and senior KDP official Rowsch Shaways. The package also included reforms to the sectors of administrations, services, economy, and finance. The bill targeted special interests of senior officials, reducing the number of special advisers each official could have, as well as the number of bodyguards, claiming that it freed up “20,000” security personnel to serve in the Ministry of Defense (MoD) or Interior (MoI). This reform program unanimously passed through the Council of Ministers (CoM) on August 9. It also achieved a majority vote and passed in the CoR on August 11. However, dissolving the vice presidency positions requires more than a majority vote in the CoR. It requires a formal request for the elimination of the VP positions from the Presidency to the CoR Speaker. The PM’s spokesperson alluded to this fact on August 27 by stating that some reforms will take time.  

Solidarity in the CoR regarding Abadi’s reform program has granted the government a unique opportunity to force key legislation through the legislative process. The CoR also passed a reform package introduced by CoR speaker Salim al-Juburi on August 11, which was filled with its own anti-corruption measures and administrative reforms. The CoR package mandated that the reforms be implemented within 30 days, the agenda has witnessed limited progress; it invited PM Abadi to dismiss the Electricity Minister Qasim al-Fahdawi of the Loyalty for Anbar List, a component of Juburi’s own Etihad, the major Sunni coalition in the CoR. This reform package has made limited progress, as Fahdawi’s questioning on August 29, 2015 did not result in his dismissal. Power shortage in Iraq is a popular grievance that will likely continue to fuel popular anger.

CoR speaker Salim al-Juburi also used his platform to address the Political Parties Law, a key law that governs political life in Iraq which has been ignored by the CoR for its potential to limit parties’ freedom of receiving external support and maintaining armed wings. The Political Parties law passed unanimously on August 27. The law, if implemented correctly, will negatively affect the interests of all parties that receive funding from foreign countries, which likely extends beyond the realm of Iranian proxy groups to include Sunni parties as well. The law also bans the possession of armed wings by political parties, a condition unlikely to be implemented without the presence of a strong state and robust security apparatus.

PM Abadi also introduced a second reform package on August 16. Though narrower in scope, it sought to decrease the number of ministries by eliminating and merging non-essential ministries that were originally formed to accommodate power-sharing of all winning political parties. Specifically, it eliminated the Women’s Affairs, Human Rights, State Affairs, and Provincial Affairs ministries. It also merged the Municipalities Ministry with the Construction and Housing Ministry; the Science Ministry with the Higher Education Ministry; the Environment Ministry with the Health Ministry; and the Tourism Ministry with Culture Ministry. Combined with the elimination of the Deputy Prime Minister posts, the result was that the number of positions in the CoM reduced from 33 to 22 positions.

Political Parties Affected by PM Abadi’s Reforms

The State of Law Alliance (SLA) lost two positions held by Badr Organization members, a major component of the SLA. The cabinet reshuffle disproportionately upset the Badr Organization, an Iranian proxy group with a prominent armed wing, which demanded an explanation for the removal of two of its members from the CoM. However, the reshuffle did not exclusively target pro-Maliki allies. Sunni parties lost three positions, Kurdish parties combined lost three, and the Sadrist Trend lost one. Smaller parties including the Communist Party and the small Iraq Coalition lost their only positions to SLA members during ministry mergers. If the reforms to eliminate the VP positions go through, SLA would lose Maliki’s post, while Wataniya and Mutahidun would each lose one position as well.

The Sadrist Trend and Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI) were left relatively unscathed, preserving nearly all of their ministerial seats. This is likely a result of ISCI and the Sadrist Trend’s occupation of essential ministries. Their early and vocal support for PM Abadi’s reform program might have contributed the preservation of their posts also. The resignation of the Sadrist Deputy PM, Bahaa al-Araji indicated the Sadrist Trend’s support for reforms. Thus the cabinet reshuffle maintained the influence of the Sadrists and ISCI within the CoM but decreased that of nearly every other political bloc.



The majority approval in the CoR of the first reform package was marred only by voiced concerns by VPs Ayad Allawi of Wataniya, a secular Shi’a, and Osama al-Nujaifi, an Iraqi Sunni and the leader of Mutahidun. Both questioned the constitutionality of the reform package, though both emphasized that they support the reform program as a whole. Their complaints were likely a result of the potential loss of their own positions. This concern does not appear to have deterred PM Abadi, who openly explored the possibility of receiving a “mandate from the people” to amend the constitution. PM Abadi nevertheless described major changes of state configuration such as cancelling the constitution and the provincial councils as a “return to dictatorship,” indicating that his vision of reforms is scoped and that he wants to maintain existing political support. Meanwhile, any resistance from the SLA and Maliki has been limited by the vast popular support for PM Abadi and Sistani’s blessing for the reform program, increasing the political cost of publicly pushing back against the reforms.

In addition, the Commission of Inquiry into the Fall of Mosul, a CoR committee led by a senior Sadrist official, released its report on August 16 and named Maliki, among others, as accountable for the loss of Mosul to ISIS. Pro-Maliki members of the SLA have been preoccupied since that date to ensure that Maliki is not subject to legal action. SLA members threatened to resign when the report was released. Having failed to have Maliki’s name removed, they denounced the report. Reportedly, one of the SLA’s members resigned from his post in the CoR in order to allow Maliki to return to the CoR as a member, thus granting him immunity from prosecution. With the SLA and its leader having to address several challenges at once, PM Abadi has faced hardly any resistance from the largest bloc in government, which has elected to avoid voicing its opposition in a likely effort to preserve its image.

PM Abadi’s rivals, such as the Iranian-backed Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq (AAH), and the Badr Organization, may seek to cause unrest to undermine the image of PM Abadi’s government in response to his political reforms. However, the Iranian proxies’ responses to PM Abadi’s reform initiative have thus far remained relatively muted. Former PM and embattled VP Nouri al-Maliki’s week-long visit to Iran starting on August 14 was likely an attempt by Maliki to garner external support against the current reforms. However, during the visit, Iranian Vice-President Ishaq Jahangiri stated that it was necessary for Iraq to begin PM Abadi’s reforms. Jahangiri’s statement followed a previous statement by the Iranian Chief of Staff of the Armed forces, Hasan Firouz Abadi, who called on Iraqis to support PM Abadi’s government, though he cautioned against “external” interference and called for the demonstrators to exercise “self-restraint.” These statements indicate that Iran is not publically opposing PM Abadi’s reforms. Some Iranian officials may additionally fear an increase in violence or unrest in southern Iraq and Baghdad.

Judicial Reforms

The religious establishment in Najaf had explicitly called for major judicial reforms during two consecutive Friday sermons on August 14 and 21. However, the PM does not have the authority to make changes in the judiciary given its independent constitutional status. The Higher Judicial Council (HJC), which sits atop the other judicial bodies of the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Appeal Court, the Public Prosecution Service, the Judicial Supervision Commission, and other courts, is headed by the controversial justice, Medhat al-Mahmud. Mahmud has occupied his post since 2005. He was instrumental in expanding the influence of Maliki and minimizing that of the CoR, and he may represent an obstacle to Abadi’s reforms and to the judicial reforms solicited by Najaf. Mahmud is more likely to act in his own interests than that of Maliki at this time, but actions to reduce his own authority by the judiciary are unlikely to be forthcoming.

In order acknowledge Najaf’s attention to the Judiciary, Mahmud submitted his resignation during an HJC meeting to discuss reforms on August 17, 2015. The resignation was rejected unanimously by the rest of the justices on the HJC on the same day. It is most likely that that the judges rejected the resignation in order to protect their own interests and positions. It is also likely that Mahmud knew this, and offered his resignation as a gesture to placate demands from Najaf without risk. Nonetheless, there is already a report that Mahmud intends to resubmit his resignation. A reform at the top of the judicial hierarchy would set a precedent which would expedite more reforms in the judiciary. Nonetheless, they are expected to be insincere at this point.

Continued protests in Baghdad and southern Iraq

Meanwhile demonstrators continue to protest in Baghdad and other locations throughout southern Iraq in response to service shortages and central government and ministerial corruption. Demonstrations calling for reform in Baghdad have been accompanied by large pro-PM Abadi rallies supportive of his reforms. Demonstrations in Baghdad have also remained peaceful. This is mainly due to PM Abadi’s orders to the ISF in Baghdad to provide protection and to be gentle with the demonstrators. The ISF in central Baghdad placed flowers into the barrels of their weapons to indicate their intention to maintain a peaceful atmosphere. Similarly, demonstrators in Baghdad are also working to maintain the peacefulness of the demonstrations.

However, demonstrations in the south have tended towards violence in some cases. Isolated incidents of violence can generate instability that the ISF are unlikely to contain because major ISF assets have deployed from the south to the front lines of the northern fight against ISIS. Violent protests also have the potential to give PM Abadi’s political rivals means to upset his political platform at a local level.

In Babil, the provincial; government used local police to disperse a protest in the provincial capital of Hilla on August 22. The Babil government stated that PM Abadi had banned demonstrations and imposed a curfew on Hilla on August 23. This accusation of PM Abadi runs counter to his actions toward demonstrators in Baghdad, and PM Abadi denied that his office had banned demonstrations the following day. He also ordered the curfew lifted and dispatched the Iraqi Army (IA) to protect demonstrators in Hilla. The Babil government’s attempt to end protests was most likely an effort to protect the interests and power of the senior officials in the governments such as the governor, a State of Law Alliance member, but it shows how provincial governments can exacerbate the security situation surrounding largely peaceful protests.

In Basra, masked men in military uniforms attacked protesters at a sit-in site outside a provincial government building on August 22 while Iraqi Police (IP) did not intervene. Though the attackers have not been identified, the incident is a harbinger of violence perpetrated by actors outside of the control of the state, including militias, organized criminals, or political parties. The lack of ISF protection to Basra demonstrations, coupled with the attack, prompted the demonstrators to disband the demonstration in fear for their safety. Basra has a notable security vacuum, a result of major ISF deployment to the front lines. Basra is also key terrain for many Shi’a political parties, and former PM and VP Maliki; it is also vulnerable to Iranian interests. However, at this time, no visible politically divisive actions have been noted in response to PM Abadi’s political reforms in Basra. On August 26, PM Abadi ordered the ISF not to fire into the air during demonstrations and stated clashing with protesters constituted “a red line,” likely in reference to reports of violence against protesters over the previous week in Basra and Babil.  

Demonstrators themselves have been responsible for instigating violence on several other occasions. In Karbala, police forces had to disperse demonstrations using batons and water cannons as protesters attempted to force their way into the provincial government building on August 14 and again on August 21. The Karbala protests do not appear to have been provoked by individuals, parties, or other extra-governmental actors. Rather, these incidents reflect the more frustrated nature of civic activist-organized Karbala protesters, who voice more radical reform proposals, such as dissolving the CoR or forming a government of technocrats, than their counterparts in other provinces.

Additionally, multiple provincial governments are scapegoating their advisers, aides, and provincial department heads, firing them in the name of reform. Such dismissals have generated follow-on demonstrations in some instances, such as in Dhi Qar on August 11, where protesters voiced their anger over the limited scope of reforms and also the dismissal of particular officials. In one exceptional case, the governor of Muthanna resigned on August 28 in response to protesters’ demands. However, this resignation remains a singular example of a senior provincial official voluntarily stepping down amid the current protests; the governors of Karbala and Diwaniya, the former an SLA member and the latter a member of the Fadhila party, have symbolically submitted their resignations to PM Abadi on August 15 and 28 respectively, but they continue to serve in office. The incident in Dhi Qar shows another way that provincial government dismissals can have an inflammatory rather than calming effect.

The Sadrists Join Protests in Baghdad

Demonstrations in Baghdad may yet evolve and generate instability. The leader of the popular Shi’a Sadrist Trend, Moqtada al-Sadr, called on his Baghdad-based followers on August 24 to participate in the Friday demonstrations on August 28. Importantly, Sadr explicitly ordered his followers to support the pro-reform demonstrations, maintain a nationalist tone, and refrain from religious or political slogans, consistent with his earliest guidance on the current protests. The participation of the large and active Sadrist Trend support base in the demonstrations contributed to “unprecedented” numbers of demonstrators filling the streets in Baghdad on August 28. While the August 28 protests remained peaceful, the Sadrist support base’s participation may yet generate unintended tensions. However, the sheer number of expected participants and the politicized nature of Sadrist supporters’ participation may infuse the demonstrations with religious and political undertones. They may also add more pressure for reforms, especially within the judiciary.

Conclusion

The reform program has empowered PM Abadi, who currently enjoys the greatest degree of power he has experienced in office. The PM currently has momentum, and maintaining it is key to the successful implementation of reforms. Therefore, it is important to watch the degree of support the PM receives from Najaf and the population and whether support remains constant through a lengthy implementation process. Statements by Sistani’s representative calling on Abadi to expedite reforms, or popular anger directed blaming Abadi for the slow pace of reforms, will be indicators of waning support. It is particularly important to watch for the Presidency’s statements and stance on the elimination of the Vice President positions. President Fuad Masoum will have to submit a formal request to the CoR for the elimination of these positions if their elimination is formally to take place. Elimination of the VP posts would likely be accompanied by moves within the CoR to allow the VPs a return to their CoR seats, a likely priority for Maliki, given the immunity CoR membership would grant him from prosecution in light of the Mosul report.

PM Abadi faces several obstacles that will likely reduce the pace at which his reform legislation can pass. He will have to remain cognizant of security developments associated with protests in southern Iraq, where violence has been reported, while continuing with reforms at a national level. Najaf has legitimized PM Abadi’s reform initiative, and the CoR has momentum as a legislative body, but the Iraqi Judiciary may still constitute an obstacle. The Judiciary is unlikely to reform itself and is also an avenue by which PM Abadi’s opponents and rivals may seek to block his reforms. It will therefore remain important to monitor whether Iraqi justices indicate a willingness to work with PM Abadi. The judiciary as a whole is most likely going to remain resistant to comprehensive reforms and retain its current structure, though there is a possibility that Mahmoud may resign, possibly in order to placate demonstrators. It will also be important to identify early moves by PM Abadi’s opponents to take legal action to protect themselves. While the reforms may slow in the central government due to judicial obstacles, the persistence of large demonstrations in Baghdad and southern Iraq, combined with regular support for reform from Sistani’s representative, may apply sufficient pressure on the judiciary to yield to PM Abadi’s and popular demonstrations' demands, even if it has no legal obligation to do so.

PM Abadi will likely continue introducing smaller reform packages that do not require judicial or Presidential approval and can be pushed through a compliant CoR quickly. His opponents will most likely avoid voicing their resistance to Abadi while quietly pressuring the Presidency and the Judiciary to remain obstacles to core tenets of PM Abadi’s reform program. The CoR will likely take advantage of the reform program’s momentum to approve key legislation, as it did with the Political Parties law, though the most contentious proposals, including the Federal Court Act and the National Guard Law, are unlikely to pass in a similar fashion. It is unlikely that popular anger will be redirected towards PM Abadi, as the ire of the demonstrators continues to be pointed at provincial governments, including governors and provincial council chairmen, who have not met the demands of local protesters by resigning from their positions. While the slow process of implementing changes continues, demonstrations are likely to continue growing in size, applying pressure on provincial councils to reform. It is unlikely that provincial councils will undertake comprehensive reforms that endanger their own positions; nevertheless, the composition of provincial councils will likely shift as parties seek to preserve their positions and scapegoat others.